Merge tag 'platform-drivers-x86-v5.18-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel...
[linux-2.6-microblaze.git] / Documentation / userspace-api / ioctl / ioctl-number.rst
1 =============
2 Ioctl Numbers
3 =============
4
5 19 October 1999
6
7 Michael Elizabeth Chastain
8 <mec@shout.net>
9
10 If you are adding new ioctl's to the kernel, you should use the _IO
11 macros defined in <linux/ioctl.h>:
12
13     ====== == ============================================
14     _IO    an ioctl with no parameters
15     _IOW   an ioctl with write parameters (copy_from_user)
16     _IOR   an ioctl with read parameters  (copy_to_user)
17     _IOWR  an ioctl with both write and read parameters.
18     ====== == ============================================
19
20 'Write' and 'read' are from the user's point of view, just like the
21 system calls 'write' and 'read'.  For example, a SET_FOO ioctl would
22 be _IOW, although the kernel would actually read data from user space;
23 a GET_FOO ioctl would be _IOR, although the kernel would actually write
24 data to user space.
25
26 The first argument to _IO, _IOW, _IOR, or _IOWR is an identifying letter
27 or number from the table below.  Because of the large number of drivers,
28 many drivers share a partial letter with other drivers.
29
30 If you are writing a driver for a new device and need a letter, pick an
31 unused block with enough room for expansion: 32 to 256 ioctl commands.
32 You can register the block by patching this file and submitting the
33 patch to Linus Torvalds.  Or you can e-mail me at <mec@shout.net> and
34 I'll register one for you.
35
36 The second argument to _IO, _IOW, _IOR, or _IOWR is a sequence number
37 to distinguish ioctls from each other.  The third argument to _IOW,
38 _IOR, or _IOWR is the type of the data going into the kernel or coming
39 out of the kernel (e.g.  'int' or 'struct foo').  NOTE!  Do NOT use
40 sizeof(arg) as the third argument as this results in your ioctl thinking
41 it passes an argument of type size_t.
42
43 Some devices use their major number as the identifier; this is OK, as
44 long as it is unique.  Some devices are irregular and don't follow any
45 convention at all.
46
47 Following this convention is good because:
48
49 (1) Keeping the ioctl's globally unique helps error checking:
50     if a program calls an ioctl on the wrong device, it will get an
51     error rather than some unexpected behaviour.
52
53 (2) The 'strace' build procedure automatically finds ioctl numbers
54     defined with _IO, _IOW, _IOR, or _IOWR.
55
56 (3) 'strace' can decode numbers back into useful names when the
57     numbers are unique.
58
59 (4) People looking for ioctls can grep for them more easily when
60     this convention is used to define the ioctl numbers.
61
62 (5) When following the convention, the driver code can use generic
63     code to copy the parameters between user and kernel space.
64
65 This table lists ioctls visible from user land for Linux/x86.  It contains
66 most drivers up to 2.6.31, but I know I am missing some.  There has been
67 no attempt to list non-X86 architectures or ioctls from drivers/staging/.
68
69 ====  =====  ======================================================= ================================================================
70 Code  Seq#    Include File                                           Comments
71       (hex)
72 ====  =====  ======================================================= ================================================================
73 0x00  00-1F  linux/fs.h                                              conflict!
74 0x00  00-1F  scsi/scsi_ioctl.h                                       conflict!
75 0x00  00-1F  linux/fb.h                                              conflict!
76 0x00  00-1F  linux/wavefront.h                                       conflict!
77 0x02  all    linux/fd.h
78 0x03  all    linux/hdreg.h
79 0x04  D2-DC  linux/umsdos_fs.h                                       Dead since 2.6.11, but don't reuse these.
80 0x06  all    linux/lp.h
81 0x09  all    linux/raid/md_u.h
82 0x10  00-0F  drivers/char/s390/vmcp.h
83 0x10  10-1F  arch/s390/include/uapi/sclp_ctl.h
84 0x10  20-2F  arch/s390/include/uapi/asm/hypfs.h
85 0x12  all    linux/fs.h
86              linux/blkpg.h
87 0x1b  all                                                            InfiniBand Subsystem
88                                                                      <http://infiniband.sourceforge.net/>
89 0x20  all    drivers/cdrom/cm206.h
90 0x22  all    scsi/sg.h
91 0x3E  00-0F  linux/counter.h                                         <mailto:linux-iio@vger.kernel.org>
92 '!'   00-1F  uapi/linux/seccomp.h
93 '#'   00-3F                                                          IEEE 1394 Subsystem
94                                                                      Block for the entire subsystem
95 '$'   00-0F  linux/perf_counter.h, linux/perf_event.h
96 '%'   00-0F  include/uapi/linux/stm.h                                System Trace Module subsystem
97                                                                      <mailto:alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
98 '&'   00-07  drivers/firewire/nosy-user.h
99 '1'   00-1F  linux/timepps.h                                         PPS kit from Ulrich Windl
100                                                                      <ftp://ftp.de.kernel.org/pub/linux/daemons/ntp/PPS/>
101 '2'   01-04  linux/i2o.h
102 '3'   00-0F  drivers/s390/char/raw3270.h                             conflict!
103 '3'   00-1F  linux/suspend_ioctls.h,                                 conflict!
104              kernel/power/user.c
105 '8'   all                                                            SNP8023 advanced NIC card
106                                                                      <mailto:mcr@solidum.com>
107 ';'   64-7F  linux/vfio.h
108 '='   00-3f  uapi/linux/ptp_clock.h                                  <mailto:richardcochran@gmail.com>
109 '@'   00-0F  linux/radeonfb.h                                        conflict!
110 '@'   00-0F  drivers/video/aty/aty128fb.c                            conflict!
111 'A'   00-1F  linux/apm_bios.h                                        conflict!
112 'A'   00-0F  linux/agpgart.h,                                        conflict!
113              drivers/char/agp/compat_ioctl.h
114 'A'   00-7F  sound/asound.h                                          conflict!
115 'B'   00-1F  linux/cciss_ioctl.h                                     conflict!
116 'B'   00-0F  include/linux/pmu.h                                     conflict!
117 'B'   C0-FF  advanced bbus                                           <mailto:maassen@uni-freiburg.de>
118 'B'   00-0F  xen/xenbus_dev.h                                        conflict!
119 'C'   all    linux/soundcard.h                                       conflict!
120 'C'   01-2F  linux/capi.h                                            conflict!
121 'C'   F0-FF  drivers/net/wan/cosa.h                                  conflict!
122 'D'   all    arch/s390/include/asm/dasd.h
123 'D'   40-5F  drivers/scsi/dpt/dtpi_ioctl.h
124 'D'   05     drivers/scsi/pmcraid.h
125 'E'   all    linux/input.h                                           conflict!
126 'E'   00-0F  xen/evtchn.h                                            conflict!
127 'F'   all    linux/fb.h                                              conflict!
128 'F'   01-02  drivers/scsi/pmcraid.h                                  conflict!
129 'F'   20     drivers/video/fsl-diu-fb.h                              conflict!
130 'F'   20     drivers/video/intelfb/intelfb.h                         conflict!
131 'F'   20     linux/ivtvfb.h                                          conflict!
132 'F'   20     linux/matroxfb.h                                        conflict!
133 'F'   20     drivers/video/aty/atyfb_base.c                          conflict!
134 'F'   00-0F  video/da8xx-fb.h                                        conflict!
135 'F'   80-8F  linux/arcfb.h                                           conflict!
136 'F'   DD     video/sstfb.h                                           conflict!
137 'G'   00-3F  drivers/misc/sgi-gru/grulib.h                           conflict!
138 'G'   00-0F  xen/gntalloc.h, xen/gntdev.h                            conflict!
139 'H'   00-7F  linux/hiddev.h                                          conflict!
140 'H'   00-0F  linux/hidraw.h                                          conflict!
141 'H'   01     linux/mei.h                                             conflict!
142 'H'   02     linux/mei.h                                             conflict!
143 'H'   03     linux/mei.h                                             conflict!
144 'H'   00-0F  sound/asound.h                                          conflict!
145 'H'   20-40  sound/asound_fm.h                                       conflict!
146 'H'   80-8F  sound/sfnt_info.h                                       conflict!
147 'H'   10-8F  sound/emu10k1.h                                         conflict!
148 'H'   10-1F  sound/sb16_csp.h                                        conflict!
149 'H'   10-1F  sound/hda_hwdep.h                                       conflict!
150 'H'   40-4F  sound/hdspm.h                                           conflict!
151 'H'   40-4F  sound/hdsp.h                                            conflict!
152 'H'   90     sound/usb/usx2y/usb_stream.h
153 'H'   00-0F  uapi/misc/habanalabs.h                                  conflict!
154 'H'   A0     uapi/linux/usb/cdc-wdm.h
155 'H'   C0-F0  net/bluetooth/hci.h                                     conflict!
156 'H'   C0-DF  net/bluetooth/hidp/hidp.h                               conflict!
157 'H'   C0-DF  net/bluetooth/cmtp/cmtp.h                               conflict!
158 'H'   C0-DF  net/bluetooth/bnep/bnep.h                               conflict!
159 'H'   F1     linux/hid-roccat.h                                      <mailto:erazor_de@users.sourceforge.net>
160 'H'   F8-FA  sound/firewire.h
161 'I'   all    linux/isdn.h                                            conflict!
162 'I'   00-0F  drivers/isdn/divert/isdn_divert.h                       conflict!
163 'I'   40-4F  linux/mISDNif.h                                         conflict!
164 'K'   all    linux/kd.h
165 'L'   00-1F  linux/loop.h                                            conflict!
166 'L'   10-1F  drivers/scsi/mpt3sas/mpt3sas_ctl.h                      conflict!
167 'L'   E0-FF  linux/ppdd.h                                            encrypted disk device driver
168                                                                      <http://linux01.gwdg.de/~alatham/ppdd.html>
169 'M'   all    linux/soundcard.h                                       conflict!
170 'M'   01-16  mtd/mtd-abi.h                                           conflict!
171       and    drivers/mtd/mtdchar.c
172 'M'   01-03  drivers/scsi/megaraid/megaraid_sas.h
173 'M'   00-0F  drivers/video/fsl-diu-fb.h                              conflict!
174 'N'   00-1F  drivers/usb/scanner.h
175 'N'   40-7F  drivers/block/nvme.c
176 'O'   00-06  mtd/ubi-user.h                                          UBI
177 'P'   all    linux/soundcard.h                                       conflict!
178 'P'   60-6F  sound/sscape_ioctl.h                                    conflict!
179 'P'   00-0F  drivers/usb/class/usblp.c                               conflict!
180 'P'   01-09  drivers/misc/pci_endpoint_test.c                        conflict!
181 'P'   00-0F  xen/privcmd.h                                           conflict!
182 'Q'   all    linux/soundcard.h
183 'R'   00-1F  linux/random.h                                          conflict!
184 'R'   01     linux/rfkill.h                                          conflict!
185 'R'   C0-DF  net/bluetooth/rfcomm.h
186 'R'   E0     uapi/linux/fsl_mc.h
187 'S'   all    linux/cdrom.h                                           conflict!
188 'S'   80-81  scsi/scsi_ioctl.h                                       conflict!
189 'S'   82-FF  scsi/scsi.h                                             conflict!
190 'S'   00-7F  sound/asequencer.h                                      conflict!
191 'T'   all    linux/soundcard.h                                       conflict!
192 'T'   00-AF  sound/asound.h                                          conflict!
193 'T'   all    arch/x86/include/asm/ioctls.h                           conflict!
194 'T'   C0-DF  linux/if_tun.h                                          conflict!
195 'U'   all    sound/asound.h                                          conflict!
196 'U'   00-CF  linux/uinput.h                                          conflict!
197 'U'   00-EF  linux/usbdevice_fs.h
198 'U'   C0-CF  drivers/bluetooth/hci_uart.h
199 'V'   all    linux/vt.h                                              conflict!
200 'V'   all    linux/videodev2.h                                       conflict!
201 'V'   C0     linux/ivtvfb.h                                          conflict!
202 'V'   C0     linux/ivtv.h                                            conflict!
203 'V'   C0     media/davinci/vpfe_capture.h                            conflict!
204 'V'   C0     media/si4713.h                                          conflict!
205 'W'   00-1F  linux/watchdog.h                                        conflict!
206 'W'   00-1F  linux/wanrouter.h                                       conflict! (pre 3.9)
207 'W'   00-3F  sound/asound.h                                          conflict!
208 'W'   40-5F  drivers/pci/switch/switchtec.c
209 'W'   60-61  linux/watch_queue.h
210 'X'   all    fs/xfs/xfs_fs.h,                                        conflict!
211              fs/xfs/linux-2.6/xfs_ioctl32.h,
212              include/linux/falloc.h,
213              linux/fs.h,
214 'X'   all    fs/ocfs2/ocfs_fs.h                                      conflict!
215 'X'   01     linux/pktcdvd.h                                         conflict!
216 'Z'   14-15  drivers/message/fusion/mptctl.h
217 '['   00-3F  linux/usb/tmc.h                                         USB Test and Measurement Devices
218                                                                      <mailto:gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
219 'a'   all    linux/atm*.h, linux/sonet.h                             ATM on linux
220                                                                      <http://lrcwww.epfl.ch/>
221 'a'   00-0F  drivers/crypto/qat/qat_common/adf_cfg_common.h          conflict! qat driver
222 'b'   00-FF                                                          conflict! bit3 vme host bridge
223                                                                      <mailto:natalia@nikhefk.nikhef.nl>
224 'c'   all    linux/cm4000_cs.h                                       conflict!
225 'c'   00-7F  linux/comstats.h                                        conflict!
226 'c'   00-7F  linux/coda.h                                            conflict!
227 'c'   00-1F  linux/chio.h                                            conflict!
228 'c'   80-9F  arch/s390/include/asm/chsc.h                            conflict!
229 'c'   A0-AF  arch/x86/include/asm/msr.h conflict!
230 'd'   00-FF  linux/char/drm/drm.h                                    conflict!
231 'd'   02-40  pcmcia/ds.h                                             conflict!
232 'd'   F0-FF  linux/digi1.h
233 'e'   all    linux/digi1.h                                           conflict!
234 'f'   00-1F  linux/ext2_fs.h                                         conflict!
235 'f'   00-1F  linux/ext3_fs.h                                         conflict!
236 'f'   00-0F  fs/jfs/jfs_dinode.h                                     conflict!
237 'f'   00-0F  fs/ext4/ext4.h                                          conflict!
238 'f'   00-0F  linux/fs.h                                              conflict!
239 'f'   00-0F  fs/ocfs2/ocfs2_fs.h                                     conflict!
240 'f'   13-27  linux/fscrypt.h
241 'f'   81-8F  linux/fsverity.h
242 'g'   00-0F  linux/usb/gadgetfs.h
243 'g'   20-2F  linux/usb/g_printer.h
244 'h'   00-7F                                                          conflict! Charon filesystem
245                                                                      <mailto:zapman@interlan.net>
246 'h'   00-1F  linux/hpet.h                                            conflict!
247 'h'   80-8F  fs/hfsplus/ioctl.c
248 'i'   00-3F  linux/i2o-dev.h                                         conflict!
249 'i'   0B-1F  linux/ipmi.h                                            conflict!
250 'i'   80-8F  linux/i8k.h
251 'i'   90-9F  `linux/iio/*.h`                                         IIO
252 'j'   00-3F  linux/joystick.h
253 'k'   00-0F  linux/spi/spidev.h                                      conflict!
254 'k'   00-05  video/kyro.h                                            conflict!
255 'k'   10-17  linux/hsi/hsi_char.h                                    HSI character device
256 'l'   00-3F  linux/tcfs_fs.h                                         transparent cryptographic file system
257                                                                      <http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/http://mikonos.dia.unisa.it/tcfs>
258 'l'   40-7F  linux/udf_fs_i.h                                        in development:
259                                                                      <https://github.com/pali/udftools>
260 'm'   00-09  linux/mmtimer.h                                         conflict!
261 'm'   all    linux/mtio.h                                            conflict!
262 'm'   all    linux/soundcard.h                                       conflict!
263 'm'   all    linux/synclink.h                                        conflict!
264 'm'   00-19  drivers/message/fusion/mptctl.h                         conflict!
265 'm'   00     drivers/scsi/megaraid/megaraid_ioctl.h                  conflict!
266 'n'   00-7F  linux/ncp_fs.h and fs/ncpfs/ioctl.c
267 'n'   80-8F  uapi/linux/nilfs2_api.h                                 NILFS2
268 'n'   E0-FF  linux/matroxfb.h                                        matroxfb
269 'o'   00-1F  fs/ocfs2/ocfs2_fs.h                                     OCFS2
270 'o'   00-03  mtd/ubi-user.h                                          conflict! (OCFS2 and UBI overlaps)
271 'o'   40-41  mtd/ubi-user.h                                          UBI
272 'o'   01-A1  `linux/dvb/*.h`                                         DVB
273 'p'   00-0F  linux/phantom.h                                         conflict! (OpenHaptics needs this)
274 'p'   00-1F  linux/rtc.h                                             conflict!
275 'p'   40-7F  linux/nvram.h
276 'p'   80-9F  linux/ppdev.h                                           user-space parport
277                                                                      <mailto:tim@cyberelk.net>
278 'p'   A1-A5  linux/pps.h                                             LinuxPPS
279                                                                      <mailto:giometti@linux.it>
280 'q'   00-1F  linux/serio.h
281 'q'   80-FF  linux/telephony.h                                       Internet PhoneJACK, Internet LineJACK
282              linux/ixjuser.h                                         <http://web.archive.org/web/%2A/http://www.quicknet.net>
283 'r'   00-1F  linux/msdos_fs.h and fs/fat/dir.c
284 's'   all    linux/cdk.h
285 't'   00-7F  linux/ppp-ioctl.h
286 't'   80-8F  linux/isdn_ppp.h
287 't'   90-91  linux/toshiba.h                                         toshiba and toshiba_acpi SMM
288 'u'   00-1F  linux/smb_fs.h                                          gone
289 'u'   20-3F  linux/uvcvideo.h                                        USB video class host driver
290 'u'   40-4f  linux/udmabuf.h                                         userspace dma-buf misc device
291 'v'   00-1F  linux/ext2_fs.h                                         conflict!
292 'v'   00-1F  linux/fs.h                                              conflict!
293 'v'   00-0F  linux/sonypi.h                                          conflict!
294 'v'   00-0F  media/v4l2-subdev.h                                     conflict!
295 'v'   20-27  arch/powerpc/include/uapi/asm/vas-api.h                 VAS API
296 'v'   C0-FF  linux/meye.h                                            conflict!
297 'w'   all                                                            CERN SCI driver
298 'y'   00-1F                                                          packet based user level communications
299                                                                      <mailto:zapman@interlan.net>
300 'z'   00-3F                                                          CAN bus card conflict!
301                                                                      <mailto:hdstich@connectu.ulm.circular.de>
302 'z'   40-7F                                                          CAN bus card conflict!
303                                                                      <mailto:oe@port.de>
304 'z'   10-4F  drivers/s390/crypto/zcrypt_api.h                        conflict!
305 '|'   00-7F  linux/media.h
306 0x80  00-1F  linux/fb.h
307 0x81  00-1F  linux/vduse.h
308 0x89  00-06  arch/x86/include/asm/sockios.h
309 0x89  0B-DF  linux/sockios.h
310 0x89  E0-EF  linux/sockios.h                                         SIOCPROTOPRIVATE range
311 0x89  E0-EF  linux/dn.h                                              PROTOPRIVATE range
312 0x89  F0-FF  linux/sockios.h                                         SIOCDEVPRIVATE range
313 0x8B  all    linux/wireless.h
314 0x8C  00-3F                                                          WiNRADiO driver
315                                                                      <http://www.winradio.com.au/>
316 0x90  00     drivers/cdrom/sbpcd.h
317 0x92  00-0F  drivers/usb/mon/mon_bin.c
318 0x93  60-7F  linux/auto_fs.h
319 0x94  all    fs/btrfs/ioctl.h                                        Btrfs filesystem
320              and linux/fs.h                                          some lifted to vfs/generic
321 0x97  00-7F  fs/ceph/ioctl.h                                         Ceph file system
322 0x99  00-0F                                                          537-Addinboard driver
323                                                                      <mailto:buk@buks.ipn.de>
324 0xA0  all    linux/sdp/sdp.h                                         Industrial Device Project
325                                                                      <mailto:kenji@bitgate.com>
326 0xA1  0      linux/vtpm_proxy.h                                      TPM Emulator Proxy Driver
327 0xA2  all    uapi/linux/acrn.h                                       ACRN hypervisor
328 0xA3  80-8F                                                          Port ACL  in development:
329                                                                      <mailto:tlewis@mindspring.com>
330 0xA3  90-9F  linux/dtlk.h
331 0xA4  00-1F  uapi/linux/tee.h                                        Generic TEE subsystem
332 0xA4  00-1F  uapi/asm/sgx.h                                          <mailto:linux-sgx@vger.kernel.org>
333 0xA5  01-05  linux/surface_aggregator/cdev.h                         Microsoft Surface Platform System Aggregator
334                                                                      <mailto:luzmaximilian@gmail.com>
335 0xA5  20-2F  linux/surface_aggregator/dtx.h                          Microsoft Surface DTX driver
336                                                                      <mailto:luzmaximilian@gmail.com>
337 0xAA  00-3F  linux/uapi/linux/userfaultfd.h
338 0xAB  00-1F  linux/nbd.h
339 0xAC  00-1F  linux/raw.h
340 0xAD  00                                                             Netfilter device in development:
341                                                                      <mailto:rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
342 0xAE  00-1F  linux/kvm.h                                             Kernel-based Virtual Machine
343                                                                      <mailto:kvm@vger.kernel.org>
344 0xAE  40-FF  linux/kvm.h                                             Kernel-based Virtual Machine
345                                                                      <mailto:kvm@vger.kernel.org>
346 0xAE  20-3F  linux/nitro_enclaves.h                                  Nitro Enclaves
347 0xAF  00-1F  linux/fsl_hypervisor.h                                  Freescale hypervisor
348 0xB0  all                                                            RATIO devices in development:
349                                                                      <mailto:vgo@ratio.de>
350 0xB1  00-1F                                                          PPPoX
351                                                                      <mailto:mostrows@styx.uwaterloo.ca>
352 0xB3  00     linux/mmc/ioctl.h
353 0xB4  00-0F  linux/gpio.h                                            <mailto:linux-gpio@vger.kernel.org>
354 0xB5  00-0F  uapi/linux/rpmsg.h                                      <mailto:linux-remoteproc@vger.kernel.org>
355 0xB6  all    linux/fpga-dfl.h
356 0xB7  all    uapi/linux/remoteproc_cdev.h                            <mailto:linux-remoteproc@vger.kernel.org>
357 0xB7  all    uapi/linux/nsfs.h                                       <mailto:Andrei Vagin <avagin@openvz.org>>
358 0xC0  00-0F  linux/usb/iowarrior.h
359 0xCA  00-0F  uapi/misc/cxl.h
360 0xCA  10-2F  uapi/misc/ocxl.h
361 0xCA  80-BF  uapi/scsi/cxlflash_ioctl.h
362 0xCB  00-1F                                                          CBM serial IEC bus in development:
363                                                                      <mailto:michael.klein@puffin.lb.shuttle.de>
364 0xCC  00-0F  drivers/misc/ibmvmc.h                                   pseries VMC driver
365 0xCD  01     linux/reiserfs_fs.h
366 0xCE  01-02  uapi/linux/cxl_mem.h                                    Compute Express Link Memory Devices
367 0xCF  02     fs/cifs/ioctl.c
368 0xDB  00-0F  drivers/char/mwave/mwavepub.h
369 0xDD  00-3F                                                          ZFCP device driver see drivers/s390/scsi/
370                                                                      <mailto:aherrman@de.ibm.com>
371 0xE5  00-3F  linux/fuse.h
372 0xEC  00-01  drivers/platform/chrome/cros_ec_dev.h                   ChromeOS EC driver
373 0xEE  00-09  uapi/linux/pfrut.h                                      Platform Firmware Runtime Update and Telemetry
374 0xF3  00-3F  drivers/usb/misc/sisusbvga/sisusb.h                     sisfb (in development)
375                                                                      <mailto:thomas@winischhofer.net>
376 0xF6  all                                                            LTTng Linux Trace Toolkit Next Generation
377                                                                      <mailto:mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
378 0xF8  all    arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/amd_hsmp.h                    AMD HSMP EPYC system management interface driver
379                                                                      <mailto:nchatrad@amd.com>
380 0xFD  all    linux/dm-ioctl.h
381 0xFE  all    linux/isst_if.h
382 ====  =====  ======================================================= ================================================================