block: change the hash used for looking up block devices

[linux-2.6-microblaze.git] / fs / block_dev.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *  linux/fs/block_dev.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
 *  Copyright (C) 2001  Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de> SuSE
 */

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/fcntl.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/kmod.h>
#include <linux/major.h>
#include <linux/device_cgroup.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/blkpg.h>
#include <linux/magic.h>
#include <linux/buffer_head.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/mpage.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/pseudo_fs.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/namei.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/cleancache.h>
#include <linux/task_io_accounting_ops.h>
#include <linux/falloc.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/suspend.h>
#include "internal.h"

struct bdev_inode {
        struct block_device bdev;
        struct inode vfs_inode;
};

static const struct address_space_operations def_blk_aops;

static inline struct bdev_inode *BDEV_I(struct inode *inode)
{
        return container_of(inode, struct bdev_inode, vfs_inode);
}

struct block_device *I_BDEV(struct inode *inode)
{
        return &BDEV_I(inode)->bdev;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(I_BDEV);

static void bdev_write_inode(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        struct inode *inode = bdev->bd_inode;
        int ret;

        spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        while (inode->i_state & I_DIRTY) {
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
                ret = write_inode_now(inode, true);
                if (ret) {
                        char name[BDEVNAME_SIZE];
                        pr_warn_ratelimited("VFS: Dirty inode writeback failed "
                                            "for block device %s (err=%d).\n",
                                            bdevname(bdev, name), ret);
                }
                spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
        }
        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
}

/* Kill _all_ buffers and pagecache , dirty or not.. */
static void kill_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;

        if (mapping->nrpages == 0 && mapping->nrexceptional == 0)
                return;

        invalidate_bh_lrus();
        truncate_inode_pages(mapping, 0);
}

/* Invalidate clean unused buffers and pagecache. */
void invalidate_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;

        if (mapping->nrpages) {
                invalidate_bh_lrus();
                lru_add_drain_all();    /* make sure all lru add caches are flushed */
                invalidate_mapping_pages(mapping, 0, -1);
        }
        /* 99% of the time, we don't need to flush the cleancache on the bdev.
         * But, for the strange corners, lets be cautious
         */
        cleancache_invalidate_inode(mapping);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(invalidate_bdev);

/*
 * Drop all buffers & page cache for given bdev range. This function bails
 * with error if bdev has other exclusive owner (such as filesystem).
 */
int truncate_bdev_range(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode,
                        loff_t lstart, loff_t lend)
{
        struct block_device *claimed_bdev = NULL;
        int err;

        /*
         * If we don't hold exclusive handle for the device, upgrade to it
         * while we discard the buffer cache to avoid discarding buffers
         * under live filesystem.
         */
        if (!(mode & FMODE_EXCL)) {
                claimed_bdev = bdev->bd_contains;
                err = bd_prepare_to_claim(bdev, claimed_bdev,
                                          truncate_bdev_range);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }
        truncate_inode_pages_range(bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping, lstart, lend);
        if (claimed_bdev)
                bd_abort_claiming(bdev, claimed_bdev, truncate_bdev_range);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(truncate_bdev_range);

static void set_init_blocksize(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        bdev->bd_inode->i_blkbits = blksize_bits(bdev_logical_block_size(bdev));
}

int set_blocksize(struct block_device *bdev, int size)
{
        /* Size must be a power of two, and between 512 and PAGE_SIZE */
        if (size > PAGE_SIZE || size < 512 || !is_power_of_2(size))
                return -EINVAL;

        /* Size cannot be smaller than the size supported by the device */
        if (size < bdev_logical_block_size(bdev))
                return -EINVAL;

        /* Don't change the size if it is same as current */
        if (bdev->bd_inode->i_blkbits != blksize_bits(size)) {
                sync_blockdev(bdev);
                bdev->bd_inode->i_blkbits = blksize_bits(size);
                kill_bdev(bdev);
        }
        return 0;
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_blocksize);

int sb_set_blocksize(struct super_block *sb, int size)
{
        if (set_blocksize(sb->s_bdev, size))
                return 0;
        /* If we get here, we know size is power of two
         * and it's value is between 512 and PAGE_SIZE */
        sb->s_blocksize = size;
        sb->s_blocksize_bits = blksize_bits(size);
        return sb->s_blocksize;
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(sb_set_blocksize);

int sb_min_blocksize(struct super_block *sb, int size)
{
        int minsize = bdev_logical_block_size(sb->s_bdev);
        if (size < minsize)
                size = minsize;
        return sb_set_blocksize(sb, size);
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(sb_min_blocksize);

static int
blkdev_get_block(struct inode *inode, sector_t iblock,
                struct buffer_head *bh, int create)
{
        bh->b_bdev = I_BDEV(inode);
        bh->b_blocknr = iblock;
        set_buffer_mapped(bh);
        return 0;
}

static struct inode *bdev_file_inode(struct file *file)
{
        return file->f_mapping->host;
}

static unsigned int dio_bio_write_op(struct kiocb *iocb)
{
        unsigned int op = REQ_OP_WRITE | REQ_SYNC | REQ_IDLE;

        /* avoid the need for a I/O completion work item */
        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DSYNC)
                op |= REQ_FUA;
        return op;
}

#define DIO_INLINE_BIO_VECS 4

static void blkdev_bio_end_io_simple(struct bio *bio)
{
        struct task_struct *waiter = bio->bi_private;

        WRITE_ONCE(bio->bi_private, NULL);
        blk_wake_io_task(waiter);
}

static ssize_t
__blkdev_direct_IO_simple(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
                int nr_pages)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(bdev_file_inode(file));
        struct bio_vec inline_vecs[DIO_INLINE_BIO_VECS], *vecs;
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        bool should_dirty = false;
        struct bio bio;
        ssize_t ret;
        blk_qc_t qc;

        if ((pos | iov_iter_alignment(iter)) &
            (bdev_logical_block_size(bdev) - 1))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (nr_pages <= DIO_INLINE_BIO_VECS)
                vecs = inline_vecs;
        else {
                vecs = kmalloc_array(nr_pages, sizeof(struct bio_vec),
                                     GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!vecs)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }

        bio_init(&bio, vecs, nr_pages);
        bio_set_dev(&bio, bdev);
        bio.bi_iter.bi_sector = pos >> 9;
        bio.bi_write_hint = iocb->ki_hint;
        bio.bi_private = current;
        bio.bi_end_io = blkdev_bio_end_io_simple;
        bio.bi_ioprio = iocb->ki_ioprio;

        ret = bio_iov_iter_get_pages(&bio, iter);
        if (unlikely(ret))
                goto out;
        ret = bio.bi_iter.bi_size;

        if (iov_iter_rw(iter) == READ) {
                bio.bi_opf = REQ_OP_READ;
                if (iter_is_iovec(iter))
                        should_dirty = true;
        } else {
                bio.bi_opf = dio_bio_write_op(iocb);
                task_io_account_write(ret);
        }
        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_HIPRI)
                bio_set_polled(&bio, iocb);

        qc = submit_bio(&bio);
        for (;;) {
                set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
                if (!READ_ONCE(bio.bi_private))
                        break;
                if (!(iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_HIPRI) ||
                    !blk_poll(bdev_get_queue(bdev), qc, true))
                        blk_io_schedule();
        }
        __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);

        bio_release_pages(&bio, should_dirty);
        if (unlikely(bio.bi_status))
                ret = blk_status_to_errno(bio.bi_status);

out:
        if (vecs != inline_vecs)
                kfree(vecs);

        bio_uninit(&bio);

        return ret;
}

struct blkdev_dio {
        union {
                struct kiocb            *iocb;
                struct task_struct      *waiter;
        };
        size_t                  size;
        atomic_t                ref;
        bool                    multi_bio : 1;
        bool                    should_dirty : 1;
        bool                    is_sync : 1;
        struct bio              bio;
};

static struct bio_set blkdev_dio_pool;

static int blkdev_iopoll(struct kiocb *kiocb, bool wait)
{
        struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(kiocb->ki_filp->f_mapping->host);
        struct request_queue *q = bdev_get_queue(bdev);

        return blk_poll(q, READ_ONCE(kiocb->ki_cookie), wait);
}

static void blkdev_bio_end_io(struct bio *bio)
{
        struct blkdev_dio *dio = bio->bi_private;
        bool should_dirty = dio->should_dirty;

        if (bio->bi_status && !dio->bio.bi_status)
                dio->bio.bi_status = bio->bi_status;

        if (!dio->multi_bio || atomic_dec_and_test(&dio->ref)) {
                if (!dio->is_sync) {
                        struct kiocb *iocb = dio->iocb;
                        ssize_t ret;

                        if (likely(!dio->bio.bi_status)) {
                                ret = dio->size;
                                iocb->ki_pos += ret;
                        } else {
                                ret = blk_status_to_errno(dio->bio.bi_status);
                        }

                        dio->iocb->ki_complete(iocb, ret, 0);
                        if (dio->multi_bio)
                                bio_put(&dio->bio);
                } else {
                        struct task_struct *waiter = dio->waiter;

                        WRITE_ONCE(dio->waiter, NULL);
                        blk_wake_io_task(waiter);
                }
        }

        if (should_dirty) {
                bio_check_pages_dirty(bio);
        } else {
                bio_release_pages(bio, false);
                bio_put(bio);
        }
}

static ssize_t
__blkdev_direct_IO(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter, int nr_pages)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct inode *inode = bdev_file_inode(file);
        struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(inode);
        struct blk_plug plug;
        struct blkdev_dio *dio;
        struct bio *bio;
        bool is_poll = (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_HIPRI) != 0;
        bool is_read = (iov_iter_rw(iter) == READ), is_sync;
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        blk_qc_t qc = BLK_QC_T_NONE;
        int ret = 0;

        if ((pos | iov_iter_alignment(iter)) &
            (bdev_logical_block_size(bdev) - 1))
                return -EINVAL;

        bio = bio_alloc_bioset(GFP_KERNEL, nr_pages, &blkdev_dio_pool);

        dio = container_of(bio, struct blkdev_dio, bio);
        dio->is_sync = is_sync = is_sync_kiocb(iocb);
        if (dio->is_sync) {
                dio->waiter = current;
                bio_get(bio);
        } else {
                dio->iocb = iocb;
        }

        dio->size = 0;
        dio->multi_bio = false;
        dio->should_dirty = is_read && iter_is_iovec(iter);

        /*
         * Don't plug for HIPRI/polled IO, as those should go straight
         * to issue
         */
        if (!is_poll)
                blk_start_plug(&plug);

        for (;;) {
                bio_set_dev(bio, bdev);
                bio->bi_iter.bi_sector = pos >> 9;
                bio->bi_write_hint = iocb->ki_hint;
                bio->bi_private = dio;
                bio->bi_end_io = blkdev_bio_end_io;
                bio->bi_ioprio = iocb->ki_ioprio;

                ret = bio_iov_iter_get_pages(bio, iter);
                if (unlikely(ret)) {
                        bio->bi_status = BLK_STS_IOERR;
                        bio_endio(bio);
                        break;
                }

                if (is_read) {
                        bio->bi_opf = REQ_OP_READ;
                        if (dio->should_dirty)
                                bio_set_pages_dirty(bio);
                } else {
                        bio->bi_opf = dio_bio_write_op(iocb);
                        task_io_account_write(bio->bi_iter.bi_size);
                }

                dio->size += bio->bi_iter.bi_size;
                pos += bio->bi_iter.bi_size;

                nr_pages = iov_iter_npages(iter, BIO_MAX_PAGES);
                if (!nr_pages) {
                        bool polled = false;

                        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_HIPRI) {
                                bio_set_polled(bio, iocb);
                                polled = true;
                        }

                        qc = submit_bio(bio);

                        if (polled)
                                WRITE_ONCE(iocb->ki_cookie, qc);
                        break;
                }

                if (!dio->multi_bio) {
                        /*
                         * AIO needs an extra reference to ensure the dio
                         * structure which is embedded into the first bio
                         * stays around.
                         */
                        if (!is_sync)
                                bio_get(bio);
                        dio->multi_bio = true;
                        atomic_set(&dio->ref, 2);
                } else {
                        atomic_inc(&dio->ref);
                }

                submit_bio(bio);
                bio = bio_alloc(GFP_KERNEL, nr_pages);
        }

        if (!is_poll)
                blk_finish_plug(&plug);

        if (!is_sync)
                return -EIOCBQUEUED;

        for (;;) {
                set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
                if (!READ_ONCE(dio->waiter))
                        break;

                if (!(iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_HIPRI) ||
                    !blk_poll(bdev_get_queue(bdev), qc, true))
                        blk_io_schedule();
        }
        __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);

        if (!ret)
                ret = blk_status_to_errno(dio->bio.bi_status);
        if (likely(!ret))
                ret = dio->size;

        bio_put(&dio->bio);
        return ret;
}

static ssize_t
blkdev_direct_IO(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter)
{
        int nr_pages;

        nr_pages = iov_iter_npages(iter, BIO_MAX_PAGES + 1);
        if (!nr_pages)
                return 0;
        if (is_sync_kiocb(iocb) && nr_pages <= BIO_MAX_PAGES)
                return __blkdev_direct_IO_simple(iocb, iter, nr_pages);

        return __blkdev_direct_IO(iocb, iter, min(nr_pages, BIO_MAX_PAGES));
}

static __init int blkdev_init(void)
{
        return bioset_init(&blkdev_dio_pool, 4, offsetof(struct blkdev_dio, bio), BIOSET_NEED_BVECS);
}
module_init(blkdev_init);

int __sync_blockdev(struct block_device *bdev, int wait)
{
        if (!bdev)
                return 0;
        if (!wait)
                return filemap_flush(bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping);
        return filemap_write_and_wait(bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping);
}

/*
 * Write out and wait upon all the dirty data associated with a block
 * device via its mapping.  Does not take the superblock lock.
 */
int sync_blockdev(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        return __sync_blockdev(bdev, 1);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(sync_blockdev);

/*
 * Write out and wait upon all dirty data associated with this
 * device.   Filesystem data as well as the underlying block
 * device.  Takes the superblock lock.
 */
int fsync_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        struct super_block *sb = get_super(bdev);
        if (sb) {
                int res = sync_filesystem(sb);
                drop_super(sb);
                return res;
        }
        return sync_blockdev(bdev);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(fsync_bdev);

/**
 * freeze_bdev  --  lock a filesystem and force it into a consistent state
 * @bdev:       blockdevice to lock
 *
 * If a superblock is found on this device, we take the s_umount semaphore
 * on it to make sure nobody unmounts until the snapshot creation is done.
 * The reference counter (bd_fsfreeze_count) guarantees that only the last
 * unfreeze process can unfreeze the frozen filesystem actually when multiple
 * freeze requests arrive simultaneously. It counts up in freeze_bdev() and
 * count down in thaw_bdev(). When it becomes 0, thaw_bdev() will unfreeze
 * actually.
 */
int freeze_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        struct super_block *sb;
        int error = 0;

        mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_fsfreeze_mutex);
        if (++bdev->bd_fsfreeze_count > 1)
                goto done;

        sb = get_active_super(bdev);
        if (!sb)
                goto sync;
        if (sb->s_op->freeze_super)
                error = sb->s_op->freeze_super(sb);
        else
                error = freeze_super(sb);
        deactivate_super(sb);

        if (error) {
                bdev->bd_fsfreeze_count--;
                goto done;
        }
        bdev->bd_fsfreeze_sb = sb;

sync:
        sync_blockdev(bdev);
done:
        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_fsfreeze_mutex);
        return error;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(freeze_bdev);

/**
 * thaw_bdev  -- unlock filesystem
 * @bdev:       blockdevice to unlock
 *
 * Unlocks the filesystem and marks it writeable again after freeze_bdev().
 */
int thaw_bdev(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        struct super_block *sb;
        int error = -EINVAL;

        mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_fsfreeze_mutex);
        if (!bdev->bd_fsfreeze_count)
                goto out;

        error = 0;
        if (--bdev->bd_fsfreeze_count > 0)
                goto out;

        sb = bdev->bd_fsfreeze_sb;
        if (!sb)
                goto out;

        if (sb->s_op->thaw_super)
                error = sb->s_op->thaw_super(sb);
        else
                error = thaw_super(sb);
        if (error)
                bdev->bd_fsfreeze_count++;
out:
        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_fsfreeze_mutex);
        return error;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(thaw_bdev);

static int blkdev_writepage(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        return block_write_full_page(page, blkdev_get_block, wbc);
}

static int blkdev_readpage(struct file * file, struct page * page)
{
        return block_read_full_page(page, blkdev_get_block);
}

static void blkdev_readahead(struct readahead_control *rac)
{
        mpage_readahead(rac, blkdev_get_block);
}

static int blkdev_write_begin(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                        loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned flags,
                        struct page **pagep, void **fsdata)
{
        return block_write_begin(mapping, pos, len, flags, pagep,
                                 blkdev_get_block);
}

static int blkdev_write_end(struct file *file, struct address_space *mapping,
                        loff_t pos, unsigned len, unsigned copied,
                        struct page *page, void *fsdata)
{
        int ret;
        ret = block_write_end(file, mapping, pos, len, copied, page, fsdata);

        unlock_page(page);
        put_page(page);

        return ret;
}

/*
 * private llseek:
 * for a block special file file_inode(file)->i_size is zero
 * so we compute the size by hand (just as in block_read/write above)
 */
static loff_t block_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int whence)
{
        struct inode *bd_inode = bdev_file_inode(file);
        loff_t retval;

        inode_lock(bd_inode);
        retval = fixed_size_llseek(file, offset, whence, i_size_read(bd_inode));
        inode_unlock(bd_inode);
        return retval;
}
        
int blkdev_fsync(struct file *filp, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync)
{
        struct inode *bd_inode = bdev_file_inode(filp);
        struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(bd_inode);
        int error;
        
        error = file_write_and_wait_range(filp, start, end);
        if (error)
                return error;

        /*
         * There is no need to serialise calls to blkdev_issue_flush with
         * i_mutex and doing so causes performance issues with concurrent
         * O_SYNC writers to a block device.
         */
        error = blkdev_issue_flush(bdev, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (error == -EOPNOTSUPP)
                error = 0;

        return error;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(blkdev_fsync);

/**
 * bdev_read_page() - Start reading a page from a block device
 * @bdev: The device to read the page from
 * @sector: The offset on the device to read the page to (need not be aligned)
 * @page: The page to read
 *
 * On entry, the page should be locked.  It will be unlocked when the page
 * has been read.  If the block driver implements rw_page synchronously,
 * that will be true on exit from this function, but it need not be.
 *
 * Errors returned by this function are usually "soft", eg out of memory, or
 * queue full; callers should try a different route to read this page rather
 * than propagate an error back up the stack.
 *
 * Return: negative errno if an error occurs, 0 if submission was successful.
 */
int bdev_read_page(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector,
                        struct page *page)
{
        const struct block_device_operations *ops = bdev->bd_disk->fops;
        int result = -EOPNOTSUPP;

        if (!ops->rw_page || bdev_get_integrity(bdev))
                return result;

        result = blk_queue_enter(bdev->bd_disk->queue, 0);
        if (result)
                return result;
        result = ops->rw_page(bdev, sector + get_start_sect(bdev), page,
                              REQ_OP_READ);
        blk_queue_exit(bdev->bd_disk->queue);
        return result;
}

/**
 * bdev_write_page() - Start writing a page to a block device
 * @bdev: The device to write the page to
 * @sector: The offset on the device to write the page to (need not be aligned)
 * @page: The page to write
 * @wbc: The writeback_control for the write
 *
 * On entry, the page should be locked and not currently under writeback.
 * On exit, if the write started successfully, the page will be unlocked and
 * under writeback.  If the write failed already (eg the driver failed to
 * queue the page to the device), the page will still be locked.  If the
 * caller is a ->writepage implementation, it will need to unlock the page.
 *
 * Errors returned by this function are usually "soft", eg out of memory, or
 * queue full; callers should try a different route to write this page rather
 * than propagate an error back up the stack.
 *
 * Return: negative errno if an error occurs, 0 if submission was successful.
 */
int bdev_write_page(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sector,
                        struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        int result;
        const struct block_device_operations *ops = bdev->bd_disk->fops;

        if (!ops->rw_page || bdev_get_integrity(bdev))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
        result = blk_queue_enter(bdev->bd_disk->queue, 0);
        if (result)
                return result;

        set_page_writeback(page);
        result = ops->rw_page(bdev, sector + get_start_sect(bdev), page,
                              REQ_OP_WRITE);
        if (result) {
                end_page_writeback(page);
        } else {
                clean_page_buffers(page);
                unlock_page(page);
        }
        blk_queue_exit(bdev->bd_disk->queue);
        return result;
}

/*
 * pseudo-fs
 */

static  __cacheline_aligned_in_smp DEFINE_SPINLOCK(bdev_lock);
static struct kmem_cache * bdev_cachep __read_mostly;

static struct inode *bdev_alloc_inode(struct super_block *sb)
{
        struct bdev_inode *ei = kmem_cache_alloc(bdev_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!ei)
                return NULL;
        return &ei->vfs_inode;
}

static void bdev_free_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        kmem_cache_free(bdev_cachep, BDEV_I(inode));
}

static void init_once(void *foo)
{
        struct bdev_inode *ei = (struct bdev_inode *) foo;
        struct block_device *bdev = &ei->bdev;

        memset(bdev, 0, sizeof(*bdev));
        mutex_init(&bdev->bd_mutex);
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&bdev->bd_holder_disks);
#endif
        bdev->bd_bdi = &noop_backing_dev_info;
        inode_init_once(&ei->vfs_inode);
        /* Initialize mutex for freeze. */
        mutex_init(&bdev->bd_fsfreeze_mutex);
}

static void bdev_evict_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct block_device *bdev = &BDEV_I(inode)->bdev;
        truncate_inode_pages_final(&inode->i_data);
        invalidate_inode_buffers(inode); /* is it needed here? */
        clear_inode(inode);
        /* Detach inode from wb early as bdi_put() may free bdi->wb */
        inode_detach_wb(inode);
        if (bdev->bd_bdi != &noop_backing_dev_info) {
                bdi_put(bdev->bd_bdi);
                bdev->bd_bdi = &noop_backing_dev_info;
        }
}

static const struct super_operations bdev_sops = {
        .statfs = simple_statfs,
        .alloc_inode = bdev_alloc_inode,
        .free_inode = bdev_free_inode,
        .drop_inode = generic_delete_inode,
        .evict_inode = bdev_evict_inode,
};

static int bd_init_fs_context(struct fs_context *fc)
{
        struct pseudo_fs_context *ctx = init_pseudo(fc, BDEVFS_MAGIC);
        if (!ctx)
                return -ENOMEM;
        fc->s_iflags |= SB_I_CGROUPWB;
        ctx->ops = &bdev_sops;
        return 0;
}

static struct file_system_type bd_type = {
        .name           = "bdev",
        .init_fs_context = bd_init_fs_context,
        .kill_sb        = kill_anon_super,
};

struct super_block *blockdev_superblock __read_mostly;
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(blockdev_superblock);

void __init bdev_cache_init(void)
{
        int err;
        static struct vfsmount *bd_mnt;

        bdev_cachep = kmem_cache_create("bdev_cache", sizeof(struct bdev_inode),
                        0, (SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN|SLAB_RECLAIM_ACCOUNT|
                                SLAB_MEM_SPREAD|SLAB_ACCOUNT|SLAB_PANIC),
                        init_once);
        err = register_filesystem(&bd_type);
        if (err)
                panic("Cannot register bdev pseudo-fs");
        bd_mnt = kern_mount(&bd_type);
        if (IS_ERR(bd_mnt))
                panic("Cannot create bdev pseudo-fs");
        blockdev_superblock = bd_mnt->mnt_sb;   /* For writeback */
}

static struct block_device *bdget(dev_t dev)
{
        struct block_device *bdev;
        struct inode *inode;

        inode = iget_locked(blockdev_superblock, dev);
        if (!inode)
                return NULL;

        bdev = &BDEV_I(inode)->bdev;

        if (inode->i_state & I_NEW) {
                spin_lock_init(&bdev->bd_size_lock);
                bdev->bd_contains = NULL;
                bdev->bd_super = NULL;
                bdev->bd_inode = inode;
                bdev->bd_part_count = 0;
                bdev->bd_dev = dev;
                inode->i_mode = S_IFBLK;
                inode->i_rdev = dev;
                inode->i_bdev = bdev;
                inode->i_data.a_ops = &def_blk_aops;
                mapping_set_gfp_mask(&inode->i_data, GFP_USER);
                unlock_new_inode(inode);
        }
        return bdev;
}

/**
 * bdgrab -- Grab a reference to an already referenced block device
 * @bdev:       Block device to grab a reference to.
 */
struct block_device *bdgrab(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        ihold(bdev->bd_inode);
        return bdev;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdgrab);

struct block_device *bdget_part(struct hd_struct *part)
{
        return bdget(part_devt(part));
}

long nr_blockdev_pages(void)
{
        struct inode *inode;
        long ret = 0;

        spin_lock(&blockdev_superblock->s_inode_list_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(inode, &blockdev_superblock->s_inodes, i_sb_list)
                ret += inode->i_mapping->nrpages;
        spin_unlock(&blockdev_superblock->s_inode_list_lock);

        return ret;
}

void bdput(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        iput(bdev->bd_inode);
}

EXPORT_SYMBOL(bdput);
 
static struct block_device *bd_acquire(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct block_device *bdev;

        spin_lock(&bdev_lock);
        bdev = inode->i_bdev;
        if (bdev && !inode_unhashed(bdev->bd_inode)) {
                bdgrab(bdev);
                spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);
                return bdev;
        }
        spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);

        /*
         * i_bdev references block device inode that was already shut down
         * (corresponding device got removed).  Remove the reference and look
         * up block device inode again just in case new device got
         * reestablished under the same device number.
         */
        if (bdev)
                bd_forget(inode);

        bdev = bdget(inode->i_rdev);
        if (bdev) {
                spin_lock(&bdev_lock);
                if (!inode->i_bdev) {
                        /*
                         * We take an additional reference to bd_inode,
                         * and it's released in clear_inode() of inode.
                         * So, we can access it via ->i_mapping always
                         * without igrab().
                         */
                        bdgrab(bdev);
                        inode->i_bdev = bdev;
                        inode->i_mapping = bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;
                }
                spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);
        }
        return bdev;
}

/* Call when you free inode */

void bd_forget(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct block_device *bdev = NULL;

        spin_lock(&bdev_lock);
        if (!sb_is_blkdev_sb(inode->i_sb))
                bdev = inode->i_bdev;
        inode->i_bdev = NULL;
        inode->i_mapping = &inode->i_data;
        spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);

        if (bdev)
                bdput(bdev);
}

/**
 * bd_may_claim - test whether a block device can be claimed
 * @bdev: block device of interest
 * @whole: whole block device containing @bdev, may equal @bdev
 * @holder: holder trying to claim @bdev
 *
 * Test whether @bdev can be claimed by @holder.
 *
 * CONTEXT:
 * spin_lock(&bdev_lock).
 *
 * RETURNS:
 * %true if @bdev can be claimed, %false otherwise.
 */
static bool bd_may_claim(struct block_device *bdev, struct block_device *whole,
                         void *holder)
{
        if (bdev->bd_holder == holder)
                return true;     /* already a holder */
        else if (bdev->bd_holder != NULL)
                return false;    /* held by someone else */
        else if (whole == bdev)
                return true;     /* is a whole device which isn't held */

        else if (whole->bd_holder == bd_may_claim)
                return true;     /* is a partition of a device that is being partitioned */
        else if (whole->bd_holder != NULL)
                return false;    /* is a partition of a held device */
        else
                return true;     /* is a partition of an un-held device */
}

/**
 * bd_prepare_to_claim - claim a block device
 * @bdev: block device of interest
 * @whole: the whole device containing @bdev, may equal @bdev
 * @holder: holder trying to claim @bdev
 *
 * Claim @bdev.  This function fails if @bdev is already claimed by another
 * holder and waits if another claiming is in progress. return, the caller
 * has ownership of bd_claiming and bd_holder[s].
 *
 * RETURNS:
 * 0 if @bdev can be claimed, -EBUSY otherwise.
 */
int bd_prepare_to_claim(struct block_device *bdev, struct block_device *whole,
                void *holder)
{
retry:
        spin_lock(&bdev_lock);
        /* if someone else claimed, fail */
        if (!bd_may_claim(bdev, whole, holder)) {
                spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);
                return -EBUSY;
        }

        /* if claiming is already in progress, wait for it to finish */
        if (whole->bd_claiming) {
                wait_queue_head_t *wq = bit_waitqueue(&whole->bd_claiming, 0);
                DEFINE_WAIT(wait);

                prepare_to_wait(wq, &wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
                spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);
                schedule();
                finish_wait(wq, &wait);
                goto retry;
        }

        /* yay, all mine */
        whole->bd_claiming = holder;
        spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bd_prepare_to_claim); /* only for the loop driver */

static struct gendisk *bdev_get_gendisk(struct block_device *bdev, int *partno)
{
        struct gendisk *disk = get_gendisk(bdev->bd_dev, partno);

        if (!disk)
                return NULL;
        /*
         * Now that we hold gendisk reference we make sure bdev we looked up is
         * not stale. If it is, it means device got removed and created before
         * we looked up gendisk and we fail open in such case. Associating
         * unhashed bdev with newly created gendisk could lead to two bdevs
         * (and thus two independent caches) being associated with one device
         * which is bad.
         */
        if (inode_unhashed(bdev->bd_inode)) {
                put_disk_and_module(disk);
                return NULL;
        }
        return disk;
}

static void bd_clear_claiming(struct block_device *whole, void *holder)
{
        lockdep_assert_held(&bdev_lock);
        /* tell others that we're done */
        BUG_ON(whole->bd_claiming != holder);
        whole->bd_claiming = NULL;
        wake_up_bit(&whole->bd_claiming, 0);
}

/**
 * bd_finish_claiming - finish claiming of a block device
 * @bdev: block device of interest
 * @whole: whole block device
 * @holder: holder that has claimed @bdev
 *
 * Finish exclusive open of a block device. Mark the device as exlusively
 * open by the holder and wake up all waiters for exclusive open to finish.
 */
static void bd_finish_claiming(struct block_device *bdev,
                struct block_device *whole, void *holder)
{
        spin_lock(&bdev_lock);
        BUG_ON(!bd_may_claim(bdev, whole, holder));
        /*
         * Note that for a whole device bd_holders will be incremented twice,
         * and bd_holder will be set to bd_may_claim before being set to holder
         */
        whole->bd_holders++;
        whole->bd_holder = bd_may_claim;
        bdev->bd_holders++;
        bdev->bd_holder = holder;
        bd_clear_claiming(whole, holder);
        spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);
}

/**
 * bd_abort_claiming - abort claiming of a block device
 * @bdev: block device of interest
 * @whole: whole block device
 * @holder: holder that has claimed @bdev
 *
 * Abort claiming of a block device when the exclusive open failed. This can be
 * also used when exclusive open is not actually desired and we just needed
 * to block other exclusive openers for a while.
 */
void bd_abort_claiming(struct block_device *bdev, struct block_device *whole,
                       void *holder)
{
        spin_lock(&bdev_lock);
        bd_clear_claiming(whole, holder);
        spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bd_abort_claiming);

#ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
struct bd_holder_disk {
        struct list_head        list;
        struct gendisk          *disk;
        int                     refcnt;
};

static struct bd_holder_disk *bd_find_holder_disk(struct block_device *bdev,
                                                  struct gendisk *disk)
{
        struct bd_holder_disk *holder;

        list_for_each_entry(holder, &bdev->bd_holder_disks, list)
                if (holder->disk == disk)
                        return holder;
        return NULL;
}

static int add_symlink(struct kobject *from, struct kobject *to)
{
        return sysfs_create_link(from, to, kobject_name(to));
}

static void del_symlink(struct kobject *from, struct kobject *to)
{
        sysfs_remove_link(from, kobject_name(to));
}

/**
 * bd_link_disk_holder - create symlinks between holding disk and slave bdev
 * @bdev: the claimed slave bdev
 * @disk: the holding disk
 *
 * DON'T USE THIS UNLESS YOU'RE ALREADY USING IT.
 *
 * This functions creates the following sysfs symlinks.
 *
 * - from "slaves" directory of the holder @disk to the claimed @bdev
 * - from "holders" directory of the @bdev to the holder @disk
 *
 * For example, if /dev/dm-0 maps to /dev/sda and disk for dm-0 is
 * passed to bd_link_disk_holder(), then:
 *
 *   /sys/block/dm-0/slaves/sda --> /sys/block/sda
 *   /sys/block/sda/holders/dm-0 --> /sys/block/dm-0
 *
 * The caller must have claimed @bdev before calling this function and
 * ensure that both @bdev and @disk are valid during the creation and
 * lifetime of these symlinks.
 *
 * CONTEXT:
 * Might sleep.
 *
 * RETURNS:
 * 0 on success, -errno on failure.
 */
int bd_link_disk_holder(struct block_device *bdev, struct gendisk *disk)
{
        struct bd_holder_disk *holder;
        int ret = 0;

        mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_mutex);

        WARN_ON_ONCE(!bdev->bd_holder);

        /* FIXME: remove the following once add_disk() handles errors */
        if (WARN_ON(!disk->slave_dir || !bdev->bd_part->holder_dir))
                goto out_unlock;

        holder = bd_find_holder_disk(bdev, disk);
        if (holder) {
                holder->refcnt++;
                goto out_unlock;
        }

        holder = kzalloc(sizeof(*holder), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!holder) {
                ret = -ENOMEM;
                goto out_unlock;
        }

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&holder->list);
        holder->disk = disk;
        holder->refcnt = 1;

        ret = add_symlink(disk->slave_dir, bdev_kobj(bdev));
        if (ret)
                goto out_free;

        ret = add_symlink(bdev->bd_part->holder_dir, &disk_to_dev(disk)->kobj);
        if (ret)
                goto out_del;
        /*
         * bdev could be deleted beneath us which would implicitly destroy
         * the holder directory.  Hold on to it.
         */
        kobject_get(bdev->bd_part->holder_dir);

        list_add(&holder->list, &bdev->bd_holder_disks);
        goto out_unlock;

out_del:
        del_symlink(disk->slave_dir, bdev_kobj(bdev));
out_free:
        kfree(holder);
out_unlock:
        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bd_link_disk_holder);

/**
 * bd_unlink_disk_holder - destroy symlinks created by bd_link_disk_holder()
 * @bdev: the calimed slave bdev
 * @disk: the holding disk
 *
 * DON'T USE THIS UNLESS YOU'RE ALREADY USING IT.
 *
 * CONTEXT:
 * Might sleep.
 */
void bd_unlink_disk_holder(struct block_device *bdev, struct gendisk *disk)
{
        struct bd_holder_disk *holder;

        mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_mutex);

        holder = bd_find_holder_disk(bdev, disk);

        if (!WARN_ON_ONCE(holder == NULL) && !--holder->refcnt) {
                del_symlink(disk->slave_dir, bdev_kobj(bdev));
                del_symlink(bdev->bd_part->holder_dir,
                            &disk_to_dev(disk)->kobj);
                kobject_put(bdev->bd_part->holder_dir);
                list_del_init(&holder->list);
                kfree(holder);
        }

        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bd_unlink_disk_holder);
#endif

/**
 * check_disk_size_change - checks for disk size change and adjusts bdev size.
 * @disk: struct gendisk to check
 * @bdev: struct bdev to adjust.
 * @verbose: if %true log a message about a size change if there is any
 *
 * This routine checks to see if the bdev size does not match the disk size
 * and adjusts it if it differs. When shrinking the bdev size, its all caches
 * are freed.
 */
static void check_disk_size_change(struct gendisk *disk,
                struct block_device *bdev, bool verbose)
{
        loff_t disk_size, bdev_size;

        spin_lock(&bdev->bd_size_lock);
        disk_size = (loff_t)get_capacity(disk) << 9;
        bdev_size = i_size_read(bdev->bd_inode);
        if (disk_size != bdev_size) {
                if (verbose) {
                        printk(KERN_INFO
                               "%s: detected capacity change from %lld to %lld\n",
                               disk->disk_name, bdev_size, disk_size);
                }
                i_size_write(bdev->bd_inode, disk_size);
        }
        spin_unlock(&bdev->bd_size_lock);
}

/**
 * revalidate_disk_size - checks for disk size change and adjusts bdev size.
 * @disk: struct gendisk to check
 * @verbose: if %true log a message about a size change if there is any
 *
 * This routine checks to see if the bdev size does not match the disk size
 * and adjusts it if it differs. When shrinking the bdev size, its all caches
 * are freed.
 */
void revalidate_disk_size(struct gendisk *disk, bool verbose)
{
        struct block_device *bdev;

        /*
         * Hidden disks don't have associated bdev so there's no point in
         * revalidating them.
         */
        if (disk->flags & GENHD_FL_HIDDEN)
                return;

        bdev = bdget_disk(disk, 0);
        if (bdev) {
                check_disk_size_change(disk, bdev, verbose);
                bdput(bdev);
        }
}

void bd_set_nr_sectors(struct block_device *bdev, sector_t sectors)
{
        spin_lock(&bdev->bd_size_lock);
        i_size_write(bdev->bd_inode, (loff_t)sectors << SECTOR_SHIFT);
        spin_unlock(&bdev->bd_size_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(bd_set_nr_sectors);

static void __blkdev_put(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode, int for_part);

int bdev_disk_changed(struct block_device *bdev, bool invalidate)
{
        struct gendisk *disk = bdev->bd_disk;
        int ret;

        lockdep_assert_held(&bdev->bd_mutex);

        clear_bit(GD_NEED_PART_SCAN, &bdev->bd_disk->state);

rescan:
        ret = blk_drop_partitions(bdev);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        /*
         * Historically we only set the capacity to zero for devices that
         * support partitions (independ of actually having partitions created).
         * Doing that is rather inconsistent, but changing it broke legacy
         * udisks polling for legacy ide-cdrom devices.  Use the crude check
         * below to get the sane behavior for most device while not breaking
         * userspace for this particular setup.
         */
        if (invalidate) {
                if (disk_part_scan_enabled(disk) ||
                    !(disk->flags & GENHD_FL_REMOVABLE))
                        set_capacity(disk, 0);
        } else {
                if (disk->fops->revalidate_disk)
                        disk->fops->revalidate_disk(disk);
        }

        check_disk_size_change(disk, bdev, !invalidate);

        if (get_capacity(disk)) {
                ret = blk_add_partitions(disk, bdev);
                if (ret == -EAGAIN)
                        goto rescan;
        } else if (invalidate) {
                /*
                 * Tell userspace that the media / partition table may have
                 * changed.
                 */
                kobject_uevent(&disk_to_dev(disk)->kobj, KOBJ_CHANGE);
        }

        return ret;
}
/*
 * Only exported for for loop and dasd for historic reasons.  Don't use in new
 * code!
 */
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bdev_disk_changed);

/*
 * bd_mutex locking:
 *
 *  mutex_lock(part->bd_mutex)
 *    mutex_lock_nested(whole->bd_mutex, 1)
 */

static int __blkdev_get(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode, void *holder,
                int for_part)
{
        struct block_device *whole = NULL, *claiming = NULL;
        struct gendisk *disk;
        int ret;
        int partno;
        bool first_open = false, unblock_events = true, need_restart;

 restart:
        need_restart = false;
        ret = -ENXIO;
        disk = bdev_get_gendisk(bdev, &partno);
        if (!disk)
                goto out;

        if (partno) {
                whole = bdget_disk(disk, 0);
                if (!whole) {
                        ret = -ENOMEM;
                        goto out_put_disk;
                }
        }

        if (!for_part && (mode & FMODE_EXCL)) {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(!holder);
                if (whole)
                        claiming = whole;
                else
                        claiming = bdev;
                ret = bd_prepare_to_claim(bdev, claiming, holder);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_put_whole;
        }

        disk_block_events(disk);
        mutex_lock_nested(&bdev->bd_mutex, for_part);
        if (!bdev->bd_openers) {
                first_open = true;
                bdev->bd_disk = disk;
                bdev->bd_contains = bdev;
                bdev->bd_partno = partno;

                if (!partno) {
                        ret = -ENXIO;
                        bdev->bd_part = disk_get_part(disk, partno);
                        if (!bdev->bd_part)
                                goto out_clear;

                        ret = 0;
                        if (disk->fops->open) {
                                ret = disk->fops->open(bdev, mode);
                                /*
                                 * If we lost a race with 'disk' being deleted,
                                 * try again.  See md.c
                                 */
                                if (ret == -ERESTARTSYS)
                                        need_restart = true;
                        }

                        if (!ret) {
                                bd_set_nr_sectors(bdev, get_capacity(disk));
                                set_init_blocksize(bdev);
                        }

                        /*
                         * If the device is invalidated, rescan partition
                         * if open succeeded or failed with -ENOMEDIUM.
                         * The latter is necessary to prevent ghost
                         * partitions on a removed medium.
                         */
                        if (test_bit(GD_NEED_PART_SCAN, &disk->state) &&
                            (!ret || ret == -ENOMEDIUM))
                                bdev_disk_changed(bdev, ret == -ENOMEDIUM);

                        if (ret)
                                goto out_clear;
                } else {
                        BUG_ON(for_part);
                        ret = __blkdev_get(whole, mode, NULL, 1);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out_clear;
                        bdev->bd_contains = bdgrab(whole);
                        bdev->bd_part = disk_get_part(disk, partno);
                        if (!(disk->flags & GENHD_FL_UP) ||
                            !bdev->bd_part || !bdev->bd_part->nr_sects) {
                                ret = -ENXIO;
                                goto out_clear;
                        }
                        bd_set_nr_sectors(bdev, bdev->bd_part->nr_sects);
                        set_init_blocksize(bdev);
                }

                if (bdev->bd_bdi == &noop_backing_dev_info)
                        bdev->bd_bdi = bdi_get(disk->queue->backing_dev_info);
        } else {
                if (bdev->bd_contains == bdev) {
                        ret = 0;
                        if (bdev->bd_disk->fops->open)
                                ret = bdev->bd_disk->fops->open(bdev, mode);
                        /* the same as first opener case, read comment there */
                        if (test_bit(GD_NEED_PART_SCAN, &disk->state) &&
                            (!ret || ret == -ENOMEDIUM))
                                bdev_disk_changed(bdev, ret == -ENOMEDIUM);
                        if (ret)
                                goto out_unlock_bdev;
                }
        }
        bdev->bd_openers++;
        if (for_part)
                bdev->bd_part_count++;
        if (claiming)
                bd_finish_claiming(bdev, claiming, holder);

        /*
         * Block event polling for write claims if requested.  Any write holder
         * makes the write_holder state stick until all are released.  This is
         * good enough and tracking individual writeable reference is too
         * fragile given the way @mode is used in blkdev_get/put().
         */
        if (claiming && (mode & FMODE_WRITE) && !bdev->bd_write_holder &&
            (disk->flags & GENHD_FL_BLOCK_EVENTS_ON_EXCL_WRITE)) {
                bdev->bd_write_holder = true;
                unblock_events = false;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);

        if (unblock_events)
                disk_unblock_events(disk);

        /* only one opener holds refs to the module and disk */
        if (!first_open)
                put_disk_and_module(disk);
        if (whole)
                bdput(whole);
        return 0;

 out_clear:
        disk_put_part(bdev->bd_part);
        bdev->bd_disk = NULL;
        bdev->bd_part = NULL;
        if (bdev != bdev->bd_contains)
                __blkdev_put(bdev->bd_contains, mode, 1);
        bdev->bd_contains = NULL;
 out_unlock_bdev:
        if (claiming)
                bd_abort_claiming(bdev, claiming, holder);
        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);
        disk_unblock_events(disk);
 out_put_whole:
        if (whole)
                bdput(whole);
 out_put_disk:
        put_disk_and_module(disk);
        if (need_restart)
                goto restart;
 out:
        return ret;
}

/**
 * blkdev_get - open a block device
 * @bdev: block_device to open
 * @mode: FMODE_* mask
 * @holder: exclusive holder identifier
 *
 * Open @bdev with @mode.  If @mode includes %FMODE_EXCL, @bdev is
 * open with exclusive access.  Specifying %FMODE_EXCL with %NULL
 * @holder is invalid.  Exclusive opens may nest for the same @holder.
 *
 * On success, the reference count of @bdev is unchanged.  On failure,
 * @bdev is put.
 *
 * CONTEXT:
 * Might sleep.
 *
 * RETURNS:
 * 0 on success, -errno on failure.
 */
static int blkdev_get(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode, void *holder)
{
        int ret, perm = 0;

        if (mode & FMODE_READ)
                perm |= MAY_READ;
        if (mode & FMODE_WRITE)
                perm |= MAY_WRITE;
        ret = devcgroup_inode_permission(bdev->bd_inode, perm);
        if (ret)
                goto bdput;

        ret =__blkdev_get(bdev, mode, holder, 0);
        if (ret)
                goto bdput;
        return 0;

bdput:
        bdput(bdev);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * blkdev_get_by_path - open a block device by name
 * @path: path to the block device to open
 * @mode: FMODE_* mask
 * @holder: exclusive holder identifier
 *
 * Open the blockdevice described by the device file at @path.  @mode
 * and @holder are identical to blkdev_get().
 *
 * On success, the returned block_device has reference count of one.
 *
 * CONTEXT:
 * Might sleep.
 *
 * RETURNS:
 * Pointer to block_device on success, ERR_PTR(-errno) on failure.
 */
struct block_device *blkdev_get_by_path(const char *path, fmode_t mode,
                                        void *holder)
{
        struct block_device *bdev;
        int err;

        bdev = lookup_bdev(path);
        if (IS_ERR(bdev))
                return bdev;

        err = blkdev_get(bdev, mode, holder);
        if (err)
                return ERR_PTR(err);

        if ((mode & FMODE_WRITE) && bdev_read_only(bdev)) {
                blkdev_put(bdev, mode);
                return ERR_PTR(-EACCES);
        }

        return bdev;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(blkdev_get_by_path);

/**
 * blkdev_get_by_dev - open a block device by device number
 * @dev: device number of block device to open
 * @mode: FMODE_* mask
 * @holder: exclusive holder identifier
 *
 * Open the blockdevice described by device number @dev.  @mode and
 * @holder are identical to blkdev_get().
 *
 * Use it ONLY if you really do not have anything better - i.e. when
 * you are behind a truly sucky interface and all you are given is a
 * device number.  _Never_ to be used for internal purposes.  If you
 * ever need it - reconsider your API.
 *
 * On success, the returned block_device has reference count of one.
 *
 * CONTEXT:
 * Might sleep.
 *
 * RETURNS:
 * Pointer to block_device on success, ERR_PTR(-errno) on failure.
 */
struct block_device *blkdev_get_by_dev(dev_t dev, fmode_t mode, void *holder)
{
        struct block_device *bdev;
        int err;

        bdev = bdget(dev);
        if (!bdev)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        err = blkdev_get(bdev, mode, holder);
        if (err)
                return ERR_PTR(err);

        return bdev;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(blkdev_get_by_dev);

static int blkdev_open(struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
        struct block_device *bdev;

        /*
         * Preserve backwards compatibility and allow large file access
         * even if userspace doesn't ask for it explicitly. Some mkfs
         * binary needs it. We might want to drop this workaround
         * during an unstable branch.
         */
        filp->f_flags |= O_LARGEFILE;

        filp->f_mode |= FMODE_NOWAIT | FMODE_BUF_RASYNC;

        if (filp->f_flags & O_NDELAY)
                filp->f_mode |= FMODE_NDELAY;
        if (filp->f_flags & O_EXCL)
                filp->f_mode |= FMODE_EXCL;
        if ((filp->f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == 3)
                filp->f_mode |= FMODE_WRITE_IOCTL;

        bdev = bd_acquire(inode);
        if (bdev == NULL)
                return -ENOMEM;

        filp->f_mapping = bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping;
        filp->f_wb_err = filemap_sample_wb_err(filp->f_mapping);

        return blkdev_get(bdev, filp->f_mode, filp);
}

static void __blkdev_put(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode, int for_part)
{
        struct gendisk *disk = bdev->bd_disk;
        struct block_device *victim = NULL;

        /*
         * Sync early if it looks like we're the last one.  If someone else
         * opens the block device between now and the decrement of bd_openers
         * then we did a sync that we didn't need to, but that's not the end
         * of the world and we want to avoid long (could be several minute)
         * syncs while holding the mutex.
         */
        if (bdev->bd_openers == 1)
                sync_blockdev(bdev);

        mutex_lock_nested(&bdev->bd_mutex, for_part);
        if (for_part)
                bdev->bd_part_count--;

        if (!--bdev->bd_openers) {
                WARN_ON_ONCE(bdev->bd_holders);
                sync_blockdev(bdev);
                kill_bdev(bdev);

                bdev_write_inode(bdev);
        }
        if (bdev->bd_contains == bdev) {
                if (disk->fops->release)
                        disk->fops->release(disk, mode);
        }
        if (!bdev->bd_openers) {
                disk_put_part(bdev->bd_part);
                bdev->bd_part = NULL;
                bdev->bd_disk = NULL;
                if (bdev != bdev->bd_contains)
                        victim = bdev->bd_contains;
                bdev->bd_contains = NULL;

                put_disk_and_module(disk);
        }
        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);
        bdput(bdev);
        if (victim)
                __blkdev_put(victim, mode, 1);
}

void blkdev_put(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode)
{
        mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_mutex);

        if (mode & FMODE_EXCL) {
                bool bdev_free;

                /*
                 * Release a claim on the device.  The holder fields
                 * are protected with bdev_lock.  bd_mutex is to
                 * synchronize disk_holder unlinking.
                 */
                spin_lock(&bdev_lock);

                WARN_ON_ONCE(--bdev->bd_holders < 0);
                WARN_ON_ONCE(--bdev->bd_contains->bd_holders < 0);

                /* bd_contains might point to self, check in a separate step */
                if ((bdev_free = !bdev->bd_holders))
                        bdev->bd_holder = NULL;
                if (!bdev->bd_contains->bd_holders)
                        bdev->bd_contains->bd_holder = NULL;

                spin_unlock(&bdev_lock);

                /*
                 * If this was the last claim, remove holder link and
                 * unblock evpoll if it was a write holder.
                 */
                if (bdev_free && bdev->bd_write_holder) {
                        disk_unblock_events(bdev->bd_disk);
                        bdev->bd_write_holder = false;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Trigger event checking and tell drivers to flush MEDIA_CHANGE
         * event.  This is to ensure detection of media removal commanded
         * from userland - e.g. eject(1).
         */
        disk_flush_events(bdev->bd_disk, DISK_EVENT_MEDIA_CHANGE);

        mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);

        __blkdev_put(bdev, mode, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(blkdev_put);

static int blkdev_close(struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)
{
        struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(bdev_file_inode(filp));
        blkdev_put(bdev, filp->f_mode);
        return 0;
}

static long block_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
        struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(bdev_file_inode(file));
        fmode_t mode = file->f_mode;

        /*
         * O_NDELAY can be altered using fcntl(.., F_SETFL, ..), so we have
         * to updated it before every ioctl.
         */
        if (file->f_flags & O_NDELAY)
                mode |= FMODE_NDELAY;
        else
                mode &= ~FMODE_NDELAY;

        return blkdev_ioctl(bdev, mode, cmd, arg);
}

/*
 * Write data to the block device.  Only intended for the block device itself
 * and the raw driver which basically is a fake block device.
 *
 * Does not take i_mutex for the write and thus is not for general purpose
 * use.
 */
ssize_t blkdev_write_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct inode *bd_inode = bdev_file_inode(file);
        loff_t size = i_size_read(bd_inode);
        struct blk_plug plug;
        ssize_t ret;

        if (bdev_read_only(I_BDEV(bd_inode)))
                return -EPERM;

        if (IS_SWAPFILE(bd_inode) && !is_hibernate_resume_dev(bd_inode->i_rdev))
                return -ETXTBSY;

        if (!iov_iter_count(from))
                return 0;

        if (iocb->ki_pos >= size)
                return -ENOSPC;

        if ((iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_DIRECT)) == IOCB_NOWAIT)
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        iov_iter_truncate(from, size - iocb->ki_pos);

        blk_start_plug(&plug);
        ret = __generic_file_write_iter(iocb, from);
        if (ret > 0)
                ret = generic_write_sync(iocb, ret);
        blk_finish_plug(&plug);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(blkdev_write_iter);

ssize_t blkdev_read_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *to)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct inode *bd_inode = bdev_file_inode(file);
        loff_t size = i_size_read(bd_inode);
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;

        if (pos >= size)
                return 0;

        size -= pos;
        iov_iter_truncate(to, size);
        return generic_file_read_iter(iocb, to);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(blkdev_read_iter);

/*
 * Try to release a page associated with block device when the system
 * is under memory pressure.
 */
static int blkdev_releasepage(struct page *page, gfp_t wait)
{
        struct super_block *super = BDEV_I(page->mapping->host)->bdev.bd_super;

        if (super && super->s_op->bdev_try_to_free_page)
                return super->s_op->bdev_try_to_free_page(super, page, wait);

        return try_to_free_buffers(page);
}

static int blkdev_writepages(struct address_space *mapping,
                             struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        return generic_writepages(mapping, wbc);
}

static const struct address_space_operations def_blk_aops = {
        .readpage       = blkdev_readpage,
        .readahead      = blkdev_readahead,
        .writepage      = blkdev_writepage,
        .write_begin    = blkdev_write_begin,
        .write_end      = blkdev_write_end,
        .writepages     = blkdev_writepages,
        .releasepage    = blkdev_releasepage,
        .direct_IO      = blkdev_direct_IO,
        .migratepage    = buffer_migrate_page_norefs,
        .is_dirty_writeback = buffer_check_dirty_writeback,
};

#define BLKDEV_FALLOC_FL_SUPPORTED                                      \
                (FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE | FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE |           \
                 FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE | FALLOC_FL_NO_HIDE_STALE)

static long blkdev_fallocate(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t start,
                             loff_t len)
{
        struct block_device *bdev = I_BDEV(bdev_file_inode(file));
        loff_t end = start + len - 1;
        loff_t isize;
        int error;

        /* Fail if we don't recognize the flags. */
        if (mode & ~BLKDEV_FALLOC_FL_SUPPORTED)
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* Don't go off the end of the device. */
        isize = i_size_read(bdev->bd_inode);
        if (start >= isize)
                return -EINVAL;
        if (end >= isize) {
                if (mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE) {
                        len = isize - start;
                        end = start + len - 1;
                } else
                        return -EINVAL;
        }

        /*
         * Don't allow IO that isn't aligned to logical block size.
         */
        if ((start | len) & (bdev_logical_block_size(bdev) - 1))
                return -EINVAL;

        /* Invalidate the page cache, including dirty pages. */
        error = truncate_bdev_range(bdev, file->f_mode, start, end);
        if (error)
                return error;

        switch (mode) {
        case FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE:
        case FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE:
                error = blkdev_issue_zeroout(bdev, start >> 9, len >> 9,
                                            GFP_KERNEL, BLKDEV_ZERO_NOUNMAP);
                break;
        case FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE:
                error = blkdev_issue_zeroout(bdev, start >> 9, len >> 9,
                                             GFP_KERNEL, BLKDEV_ZERO_NOFALLBACK);
                break;
        case FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE | FALLOC_FL_NO_HIDE_STALE:
                error = blkdev_issue_discard(bdev, start >> 9, len >> 9,
                                             GFP_KERNEL, 0);
                break;
        default:
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
        }
        if (error)
                return error;

        /*
         * Invalidate again; if someone wandered in and dirtied a page,
         * the caller will be given -EBUSY.  The third argument is
         * inclusive, so the rounding here is safe.
         */
        return invalidate_inode_pages2_range(bdev->bd_inode->i_mapping,
                                             start >> PAGE_SHIFT,
                                             end >> PAGE_SHIFT);
}

const struct file_operations def_blk_fops = {
        .open           = blkdev_open,
        .release        = blkdev_close,
        .llseek         = block_llseek,
        .read_iter      = blkdev_read_iter,
        .write_iter     = blkdev_write_iter,
        .iopoll         = blkdev_iopoll,
        .mmap           = generic_file_mmap,
        .fsync          = blkdev_fsync,
        .unlocked_ioctl = block_ioctl,
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
        .compat_ioctl   = compat_blkdev_ioctl,
#endif
        .splice_read    = generic_file_splice_read,
        .splice_write   = iter_file_splice_write,
        .fallocate      = blkdev_fallocate,
};

/**
 * lookup_bdev  - lookup a struct block_device by name
 * @pathname:   special file representing the block device
 *
 * Get a reference to the blockdevice at @pathname in the current
 * namespace if possible and return it.  Return ERR_PTR(error)
 * otherwise.
 */
struct block_device *lookup_bdev(const char *pathname)
{
        struct block_device *bdev;
        struct inode *inode;
        struct path path;
        int error;

        if (!pathname || !*pathname)
                return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);

        error = kern_path(pathname, LOOKUP_FOLLOW, &path);
        if (error)
                return ERR_PTR(error);

        inode = d_backing_inode(path.dentry);
        error = -ENOTBLK;
        if (!S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode))
                goto fail;
        error = -EACCES;
        if (!may_open_dev(&path))
                goto fail;
        error = -ENOMEM;
        bdev = bd_acquire(inode);
        if (!bdev)
                goto fail;
out:
        path_put(&path);
        return bdev;
fail:
        bdev = ERR_PTR(error);
        goto out;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(lookup_bdev);

int __invalidate_device(struct block_device *bdev, bool kill_dirty)
{
        struct super_block *sb = get_super(bdev);
        int res = 0;

        if (sb) {
                /*
                 * no need to lock the super, get_super holds the
                 * read mutex so the filesystem cannot go away
                 * under us (->put_super runs with the write lock
                 * hold).
                 */
                shrink_dcache_sb(sb);
                res = invalidate_inodes(sb, kill_dirty);
                drop_super(sb);
        }
        invalidate_bdev(bdev);
        return res;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__invalidate_device);

void iterate_bdevs(void (*func)(struct block_device *, void *), void *arg)
{
        struct inode *inode, *old_inode = NULL;

        spin_lock(&blockdev_superblock->s_inode_list_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(inode, &blockdev_superblock->s_inodes, i_sb_list) {
                struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
                struct block_device *bdev;

                spin_lock(&inode->i_lock);
                if (inode->i_state & (I_FREEING|I_WILL_FREE|I_NEW) ||
                    mapping->nrpages == 0) {
                        spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
                        continue;
                }
                __iget(inode);
                spin_unlock(&inode->i_lock);
                spin_unlock(&blockdev_superblock->s_inode_list_lock);
                /*
                 * We hold a reference to 'inode' so it couldn't have been
                 * removed from s_inodes list while we dropped the
                 * s_inode_list_lock  We cannot iput the inode now as we can
                 * be holding the last reference and we cannot iput it under
                 * s_inode_list_lock. So we keep the reference and iput it
                 * later.
                 */
                iput(old_inode);
                old_inode = inode;
                bdev = I_BDEV(inode);

                mutex_lock(&bdev->bd_mutex);
                if (bdev->bd_openers)
                        func(bdev, arg);
                mutex_unlock(&bdev->bd_mutex);

                spin_lock(&blockdev_superblock->s_inode_list_lock);
        }
        spin_unlock(&blockdev_superblock->s_inode_list_lock);
        iput(old_inode);
}