--- /dev/null
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: (GPL-2.0+ OR MIT)
+
+====================
+Asynchronous VM_BIND
+====================
+
+Nomenclature:
+=============
+
+* ``VRAM``: On-device memory. Sometimes referred to as device local memory.
+
+* ``gpu_vm``: A virtual GPU address space. Typically per process, but
+ can be shared by multiple processes.
+
+* ``VM_BIND``: An operation or a list of operations to modify a gpu_vm using
+ an IOCTL. The operations include mapping and unmapping system- or
+ VRAM memory.
+
+* ``syncobj``: A container that abstracts synchronization objects. The
+ synchronization objects can be either generic, like dma-fences or
+ driver specific. A syncobj typically indicates the type of the
+ underlying synchronization object.
+
+* ``in-syncobj``: Argument to a VM_BIND IOCTL, the VM_BIND operation waits
+ for these before starting.
+
+* ``out-syncobj``: Argument to a VM_BIND_IOCTL, the VM_BIND operation
+ signals these when the bind operation is complete.
+
+* ``dma-fence``: A cross-driver synchronization object. A basic
+ understanding of dma-fences is required to digest this
+ document. Please refer to the ``DMA Fences`` section of the
+ :doc:`dma-buf doc </driver-api/dma-buf>`.
+
+* ``memory fence``: A synchronization object, different from a dma-fence.
+ A memory fence uses the value of a specified memory location to determine
+ signaled status. A memory fence can be awaited and signaled by both
+ the GPU and CPU. Memory fences are sometimes referred to as
+ user-fences, userspace-fences or gpu futexes and do not necessarily obey
+ the dma-fence rule of signaling within a "reasonable amount of time".
+ The kernel should thus avoid waiting for memory fences with locks held.
+
+* ``long-running workload``: A workload that may take more than the
+ current stipulated dma-fence maximum signal delay to complete and
+ which therefore needs to set the gpu_vm or the GPU execution context in
+ a certain mode that disallows completion dma-fences.
+
+* ``exec function``: An exec function is a function that revalidates all
+ affected gpu_vmas, submits a GPU command batch and registers the
+ dma_fence representing the GPU command's activity with all affected
+ dma_resvs. For completeness, although not covered by this document,
+ it's worth mentioning that an exec function may also be the
+ revalidation worker that is used by some drivers in compute /
+ long-running mode.
+
+* ``bind context``: A context identifier used for the VM_BIND
+ operation. VM_BIND operations that use the same bind context can be
+ assumed, where it matters, to complete in order of submission. No such
+ assumptions can be made for VM_BIND operations using separate bind contexts.
+
+* ``UMD``: User-mode driver.
+
+* ``KMD``: Kernel-mode driver.
+
+
+Synchronous / Asynchronous VM_BIND operation
+============================================
+
+Synchronous VM_BIND
+___________________
+With Synchronous VM_BIND, the VM_BIND operations all complete before the
+IOCTL returns. A synchronous VM_BIND takes neither in-fences nor
+out-fences. Synchronous VM_BIND may block and wait for GPU operations;
+for example swap-in or clearing, or even previous binds.
+
+Asynchronous VM_BIND
+____________________
+Asynchronous VM_BIND accepts both in-syncobjs and out-syncobjs. While the
+IOCTL may return immediately, the VM_BIND operations wait for the in-syncobjs
+before modifying the GPU page-tables, and signal the out-syncobjs when
+the modification is done in the sense that the next exec function that
+awaits for the out-syncobjs will see the change. Errors are reported
+synchronously.
+In low-memory situations the implementation may block, performing the
+VM_BIND synchronously, because there might not be enough memory
+immediately available for preparing the asynchronous operation.
+
+If the VM_BIND IOCTL takes a list or an array of operations as an argument,
+the in-syncobjs needs to signal before the first operation starts to
+execute, and the out-syncobjs signal after the last operation
+completes. Operations in the operation list can be assumed, where it
+matters, to complete in order.
+
+Since asynchronous VM_BIND operations may use dma-fences embedded in
+out-syncobjs and internally in KMD to signal bind completion, any
+memory fences given as VM_BIND in-fences need to be awaited
+synchronously before the VM_BIND ioctl returns, since dma-fences,
+required to signal in a reasonable amount of time, can never be made
+to depend on memory fences that don't have such a restriction.
+
+The purpose of an Asynchronous VM_BIND operation is for user-mode
+drivers to be able to pipeline interleaved gpu_vm modifications and
+exec functions. For long-running workloads, such pipelining of a bind
+operation is not allowed and any in-fences need to be awaited
+synchronously. The reason for this is twofold. First, any memory
+fences gated by a long-running workload and used as in-syncobjs for the
+VM_BIND operation will need to be awaited synchronously anyway (see
+above). Second, any dma-fences used as in-syncobjs for VM_BIND
+operations for long-running workloads will not allow for pipelining
+anyway since long-running workloads don't allow for dma-fences as
+out-syncobjs, so while theoretically possible the use of them is
+questionable and should be rejected until there is a valuable use-case.
+Note that this is not a limitation imposed by dma-fence rules, but
+rather a limitation imposed to keep KMD implementation simple. It does
+not affect using dma-fences as dependencies for the long-running
+workload itself, which is allowed by dma-fence rules, but rather for
+the VM_BIND operation only.
+
+An asynchronous VM_BIND operation may take substantial time to
+complete and signal the out_fence. In particular if the operation is
+deeply pipelined behind other VM_BIND operations and workloads
+submitted using exec functions. In that case, UMD might want to avoid a
+subsequent VM_BIND operation to be queued behind the first one if
+there are no explicit dependencies. In order to circumvent such a queue-up, a
+VM_BIND implementation may allow for VM_BIND contexts to be
+created. For each context, VM_BIND operations will be guaranteed to
+complete in the order they were submitted, but that is not the case
+for VM_BIND operations executing on separate VM_BIND contexts. Instead
+KMD will attempt to execute such VM_BIND operations in parallel but
+leaving no guarantee that they will actually be executed in
+parallel. There may be internal implicit dependencies that only KMD knows
+about, for example page-table structure changes. A way to attempt
+to avoid such internal dependencies is to have different VM_BIND
+contexts use separate regions of a VM.
+
+Also for VM_BINDS for long-running gpu_vms the user-mode driver should typically
+select memory fences as out-fences since that gives greater flexibility for
+the kernel mode driver to inject other operations into the bind /
+unbind operations. Like for example inserting breakpoints into batch
+buffers. The workload execution can then easily be pipelined behind
+the bind completion using the memory out-fence as the signal condition
+for a GPU semaphore embedded by UMD in the workload.
+
+There is no difference in the operations supported or in
+multi-operation support between asynchronous VM_BIND and synchronous VM_BIND.
+
+Multi-operation VM_BIND IOCTL error handling and interrupts
+===========================================================
+
+The VM_BIND operations of the IOCTL may error for various reasons, for
+example due to lack of resources to complete and due to interrupted
+waits.
+In these situations UMD should preferably restart the IOCTL after
+taking suitable action.
+If UMD has over-committed a memory resource, an -ENOSPC error will be
+returned, and UMD may then unbind resources that are not used at the
+moment and rerun the IOCTL. On -EINTR, UMD should simply rerun the
+IOCTL and on -ENOMEM user-space may either attempt to free known
+system memory resources or fail. In case of UMD deciding to fail a
+bind operation, due to an error return, no additional action is needed
+to clean up the failed operation, and the VM is left in the same state
+as it was before the failing IOCTL.
+Unbind operations are guaranteed not to return any errors due to
+resource constraints, but may return errors due to, for example,
+invalid arguments or the gpu_vm being banned.
+In the case an unexpected error happens during the asynchronous bind
+process, the gpu_vm will be banned, and attempts to use it after banning
+will return -ENOENT.
+
+Example: The Xe VM_BIND uAPI
+============================
+
+Starting with the VM_BIND operation struct, the IOCTL call can take
+zero, one or many such operations. A zero number means only the
+synchronization part of the IOCTL is carried out: an asynchronous
+VM_BIND updates the syncobjects, whereas a sync VM_BIND waits for the
+implicit dependencies to be fulfilled.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ struct drm_xe_vm_bind_op {
+ /**
+ * @obj: GEM object to operate on, MBZ for MAP_USERPTR, MBZ for UNMAP
+ */
+ __u32 obj;
+
+ /** @pad: MBZ */
+ __u32 pad;
+
+ union {
+ /**
+ * @obj_offset: Offset into the object for MAP.
+ */
+ __u64 obj_offset;
+
+ /** @userptr: user virtual address for MAP_USERPTR */
+ __u64 userptr;
+ };
+
+ /**
+ * @range: Number of bytes from the object to bind to addr, MBZ for UNMAP_ALL
+ */
+ __u64 range;
+
+ /** @addr: Address to operate on, MBZ for UNMAP_ALL */
+ __u64 addr;
+
+ /**
+ * @tile_mask: Mask for which tiles to create binds for, 0 == All tiles,
+ * only applies to creating new VMAs
+ */
+ __u64 tile_mask;
+
+ /* Map (parts of) an object into the GPU virtual address range.
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_OP_MAP 0x0
+ /* Unmap a GPU virtual address range */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_OP_UNMAP 0x1
+ /*
+ * Map a CPU virtual address range into a GPU virtual
+ * address range.
+ */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_OP_MAP_USERPTR 0x2
+ /* Unmap a gem object from the VM. */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_OP_UNMAP_ALL 0x3
+ /*
+ * Make the backing memory of an address range resident if
+ * possible. Note that this doesn't pin backing memory.
+ */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_OP_PREFETCH 0x4
+
+ /* Make the GPU map readonly. */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_FLAG_READONLY (0x1 << 16)
+ /*
+ * Valid on a faulting VM only, do the MAP operation immediately rather
+ * than deferring the MAP to the page fault handler.
+ */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_FLAG_IMMEDIATE (0x1 << 17)
+ /*
+ * When the NULL flag is set, the page tables are setup with a special
+ * bit which indicates writes are dropped and all reads return zero. In
+ * the future, the NULL flags will only be valid for XE_VM_BIND_OP_MAP
+ * operations, the BO handle MBZ, and the BO offset MBZ. This flag is
+ * intended to implement VK sparse bindings.
+ */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_FLAG_NULL (0x1 << 18)
+ /** @op: Operation to perform (lower 16 bits) and flags (upper 16 bits) */
+ __u32 op;
+
+ /** @mem_region: Memory region to prefetch VMA to, instance not a mask */
+ __u32 region;
+
+ /** @reserved: Reserved */
+ __u64 reserved[2];
+ };
+
+
+The VM_BIND IOCTL argument itself, looks like follows. Note that for
+synchronous VM_BIND, the num_syncs and syncs fields must be zero. Here
+the ``exec_queue_id`` field is the VM_BIND context discussed previously
+that is used to facilitate out-of-order VM_BINDs.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ struct drm_xe_vm_bind {
+ /** @extensions: Pointer to the first extension struct, if any */
+ __u64 extensions;
+
+ /** @vm_id: The ID of the VM to bind to */
+ __u32 vm_id;
+
+ /**
+ * @exec_queue_id: exec_queue_id, must be of class DRM_XE_ENGINE_CLASS_VM_BIND
+ * and exec queue must have same vm_id. If zero, the default VM bind engine
+ * is used.
+ */
+ __u32 exec_queue_id;
+
+ /** @num_binds: number of binds in this IOCTL */
+ __u32 num_binds;
+
+ /* If set, perform an async VM_BIND, if clear a sync VM_BIND */
+ #define XE_VM_BIND_IOCTL_FLAG_ASYNC (0x1 << 0)
+
+ /** @flag: Flags controlling all operations in this ioctl. */
+ __u32 flags;
+
+ union {
+ /** @bind: used if num_binds == 1 */
+ struct drm_xe_vm_bind_op bind;
+
+ /**
+ * @vector_of_binds: userptr to array of struct
+ * drm_xe_vm_bind_op if num_binds > 1
+ */
+ __u64 vector_of_binds;
+ };
+
+ /** @num_syncs: amount of syncs to wait for or to signal on completion. */
+ __u32 num_syncs;
+
+ /** @pad2: MBZ */
+ __u32 pad2;
+
+ /** @syncs: pointer to struct drm_xe_sync array */
+ __u64 syncs;
+
+ /** @reserved: Reserved */
+ __u64 reserved[2];
+ };
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