1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
2 #define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
4 #include <linux/platform_device.h>
5 #include <linux/device.h>
6 #include <linux/module.h>
7 #include <linux/genalloc.h>
8 #include <linux/vmalloc.h>
9 #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
10 #include <linux/list_sort.h>
11 #include <linux/libnvdimm.h>
12 #include <linux/ndctl.h>
14 #include <linux/printk.h>
15 #include <linux/seq_buf.h>
17 #include "../watermark.h"
18 #include "nfit_test.h"
26 NDTEST_MAX_MAPPING = 6,
29 #define NDTEST_SCM_DIMM_CMD_MASK \
30 ((1ul << ND_CMD_GET_CONFIG_SIZE) | \
31 (1ul << ND_CMD_GET_CONFIG_DATA) | \
32 (1ul << ND_CMD_SET_CONFIG_DATA) | \
35 #define NFIT_DIMM_HANDLE(node, socket, imc, chan, dimm) \
36 (((node & 0xfff) << 16) | ((socket & 0xf) << 12) \
37 | ((imc & 0xf) << 8) | ((chan & 0xf) << 4) | (dimm & 0xf))
39 static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ndtest_lock);
40 static struct ndtest_priv *instances[NUM_INSTANCES];
42 static const struct class ndtest_dimm_class = {
43 .name = "nfit_test_dimm",
46 static struct gen_pool *ndtest_pool;
48 static struct ndtest_dimm dimm_group1[] = {
51 .handle = NFIT_DIMM_HANDLE(0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
52 .uuid_str = "1e5c75d2-b618-11ea-9aa3-507b9ddc0f72",
58 .handle = NFIT_DIMM_HANDLE(0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
59 .uuid_str = "1c4d43ac-b618-11ea-be80-507b9ddc0f72",
65 .handle = NFIT_DIMM_HANDLE(0, 0, 1, 0, 0),
66 .uuid_str = "a9f17ffc-b618-11ea-b36d-507b9ddc0f72",
72 .handle = NFIT_DIMM_HANDLE(0, 0, 1, 0, 1),
73 .uuid_str = "b6b83b22-b618-11ea-8aae-507b9ddc0f72",
79 .handle = NFIT_DIMM_HANDLE(0, 1, 0, 0, 0),
80 .uuid_str = "bf9baaee-b618-11ea-b181-507b9ddc0f72",
86 static struct ndtest_dimm dimm_group2[] = {
89 .handle = NFIT_DIMM_HANDLE(1, 0, 0, 0, 0),
90 .uuid_str = "ca0817e2-b618-11ea-9db3-507b9ddc0f72",
93 .flags = PAPR_PMEM_UNARMED | PAPR_PMEM_EMPTY |
94 PAPR_PMEM_SAVE_FAILED | PAPR_PMEM_SHUTDOWN_DIRTY |
95 PAPR_PMEM_HEALTH_FATAL,
99 static struct ndtest_mapping region0_mapping[] = {
114 static struct ndtest_mapping region1_mapping[] = {
141 static struct ndtest_region bus0_regions[] = {
143 .type = ND_DEVICE_NAMESPACE_PMEM,
144 .num_mappings = ARRAY_SIZE(region0_mapping),
145 .mapping = region0_mapping,
150 .type = ND_DEVICE_NAMESPACE_PMEM,
151 .num_mappings = ARRAY_SIZE(region1_mapping),
152 .mapping = region1_mapping,
153 .size = DIMM_SIZE * 2,
158 static struct ndtest_mapping region6_mapping[] = {
167 static struct ndtest_region bus1_regions[] = {
169 .type = ND_DEVICE_NAMESPACE_IO,
170 .num_mappings = ARRAY_SIZE(region6_mapping),
171 .mapping = region6_mapping,
177 static struct ndtest_config bus_configs[NUM_INSTANCES] = {
181 .dimm_count = ARRAY_SIZE(dimm_group1),
182 .dimms = dimm_group1,
183 .regions = bus0_regions,
184 .num_regions = ARRAY_SIZE(bus0_regions),
188 .dimm_start = ARRAY_SIZE(dimm_group1),
189 .dimm_count = ARRAY_SIZE(dimm_group2),
190 .dimms = dimm_group2,
191 .regions = bus1_regions,
192 .num_regions = ARRAY_SIZE(bus1_regions),
196 static inline struct ndtest_priv *to_ndtest_priv(struct device *dev)
198 struct platform_device *pdev = to_platform_device(dev);
200 return container_of(pdev, struct ndtest_priv, pdev);
203 static int ndtest_config_get(struct ndtest_dimm *p, unsigned int buf_len,
204 struct nd_cmd_get_config_data_hdr *hdr)
208 if ((hdr->in_offset + hdr->in_length) > LABEL_SIZE)
212 len = min(hdr->in_length, LABEL_SIZE - hdr->in_offset);
213 memcpy(hdr->out_buf, p->label_area + hdr->in_offset, len);
215 return buf_len - len;
218 static int ndtest_config_set(struct ndtest_dimm *p, unsigned int buf_len,
219 struct nd_cmd_set_config_hdr *hdr)
223 if ((hdr->in_offset + hdr->in_length) > LABEL_SIZE)
226 len = min(hdr->in_length, LABEL_SIZE - hdr->in_offset);
227 memcpy(p->label_area + hdr->in_offset, hdr->in_buf, len);
229 return buf_len - len;
232 static int ndtest_get_config_size(struct ndtest_dimm *dimm, unsigned int buf_len,
233 struct nd_cmd_get_config_size *size)
237 size->config_size = dimm->config_size;
242 static int ndtest_ctl(struct nvdimm_bus_descriptor *nd_desc,
243 struct nvdimm *nvdimm, unsigned int cmd, void *buf,
244 unsigned int buf_len, int *cmd_rc)
246 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm;
257 dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
262 case ND_CMD_GET_CONFIG_SIZE:
263 *cmd_rc = ndtest_get_config_size(dimm, buf_len, buf);
265 case ND_CMD_GET_CONFIG_DATA:
266 *cmd_rc = ndtest_config_get(dimm, buf_len, buf);
268 case ND_CMD_SET_CONFIG_DATA:
269 *cmd_rc = ndtest_config_set(dimm, buf_len, buf);
275 /* Failures for a DIMM can be injected using fail_cmd and
276 * fail_cmd_code, see the device attributes below
278 if ((1 << cmd) & dimm->fail_cmd)
279 return dimm->fail_cmd_code ? dimm->fail_cmd_code : -EIO;
284 static struct nfit_test_resource *ndtest_resource_lookup(resource_size_t addr)
288 for (i = 0; i < NUM_INSTANCES; i++) {
289 struct nfit_test_resource *n, *nfit_res = NULL;
290 struct ndtest_priv *t = instances[i];
294 spin_lock(&ndtest_lock);
295 list_for_each_entry(n, &t->resources, list) {
296 if (addr >= n->res.start && (addr < n->res.start
297 + resource_size(&n->res))) {
300 } else if (addr >= (unsigned long) n->buf
301 && (addr < (unsigned long) n->buf
302 + resource_size(&n->res))) {
307 spin_unlock(&ndtest_lock);
312 pr_warn("Failed to get resource\n");
317 static void ndtest_release_resource(void *data)
319 struct nfit_test_resource *res = data;
321 spin_lock(&ndtest_lock);
322 list_del(&res->list);
323 spin_unlock(&ndtest_lock);
325 if (resource_size(&res->res) >= DIMM_SIZE)
326 gen_pool_free(ndtest_pool, res->res.start,
327 resource_size(&res->res));
332 static void *ndtest_alloc_resource(struct ndtest_priv *p, size_t size,
337 struct nfit_test_resource *res;
338 struct genpool_data_align data = {
342 res = kzalloc(sizeof(*res), GFP_KERNEL);
347 if (size >= DIMM_SIZE)
348 __dma = gen_pool_alloc_algo(ndtest_pool, size,
349 gen_pool_first_fit_align, &data);
351 __dma = (unsigned long) buf;
356 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&res->list);
357 res->dev = &p->pdev.dev;
359 res->res.start = __dma;
360 res->res.end = __dma + size - 1;
361 res->res.name = "NFIT";
362 spin_lock_init(&res->lock);
363 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&res->requests);
364 spin_lock(&ndtest_lock);
365 list_add(&res->list, &p->resources);
366 spin_unlock(&ndtest_lock);
371 if (!devm_add_action(&p->pdev.dev, ndtest_release_resource, res))
375 if (__dma && size >= DIMM_SIZE)
376 gen_pool_free(ndtest_pool, __dma, size);
384 static ssize_t range_index_show(struct device *dev,
385 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
387 struct nd_region *nd_region = to_nd_region(dev);
388 struct ndtest_region *region = nd_region_provider_data(nd_region);
390 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", region->range_index);
392 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(range_index);
394 static struct attribute *ndtest_region_attributes[] = {
395 &dev_attr_range_index.attr,
399 static const struct attribute_group ndtest_region_attribute_group = {
401 .attrs = ndtest_region_attributes,
404 static const struct attribute_group *ndtest_region_attribute_groups[] = {
405 &ndtest_region_attribute_group,
409 static int ndtest_create_region(struct ndtest_priv *p,
410 struct ndtest_region *region)
412 struct nd_mapping_desc mappings[NDTEST_MAX_MAPPING];
413 struct nd_region_desc *ndr_desc, _ndr_desc;
414 struct nd_interleave_set *nd_set;
416 int i, ndimm = region->mapping[0].dimm;
419 memset(&res, 0, sizeof(res));
420 memset(&mappings, 0, sizeof(mappings));
421 memset(&_ndr_desc, 0, sizeof(_ndr_desc));
422 ndr_desc = &_ndr_desc;
424 if (!ndtest_alloc_resource(p, region->size, &res.start))
427 res.end = res.start + region->size - 1;
428 ndr_desc->mapping = mappings;
429 ndr_desc->res = &res;
430 ndr_desc->provider_data = region;
431 ndr_desc->attr_groups = ndtest_region_attribute_groups;
433 if (uuid_parse(p->config->dimms[ndimm].uuid_str, (uuid_t *)uuid)) {
434 pr_err("failed to parse UUID\n");
438 nd_set = devm_kzalloc(&p->pdev.dev, sizeof(*nd_set), GFP_KERNEL);
442 nd_set->cookie1 = cpu_to_le64(uuid[0]);
443 nd_set->cookie2 = cpu_to_le64(uuid[1]);
444 nd_set->altcookie = nd_set->cookie1;
445 ndr_desc->nd_set = nd_set;
447 for (i = 0; i < region->num_mappings; i++) {
448 ndimm = region->mapping[i].dimm;
449 mappings[i].start = region->mapping[i].start;
450 mappings[i].size = region->mapping[i].size;
451 mappings[i].position = region->mapping[i].position;
452 mappings[i].nvdimm = p->config->dimms[ndimm].nvdimm;
455 ndr_desc->num_mappings = region->num_mappings;
456 region->region = nvdimm_pmem_region_create(p->bus, ndr_desc);
458 if (!region->region) {
459 dev_err(&p->pdev.dev, "Error registering region %pR\n",
467 static int ndtest_init_regions(struct ndtest_priv *p)
471 for (i = 0; i < p->config->num_regions; i++) {
472 ret = ndtest_create_region(p, &p->config->regions[i]);
480 static void put_dimms(void *data)
482 struct ndtest_priv *p = data;
485 for (i = 0; i < p->config->dimm_count; i++)
486 if (p->config->dimms[i].dev) {
487 device_unregister(p->config->dimms[i].dev);
488 p->config->dimms[i].dev = NULL;
492 static ssize_t handle_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
495 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
497 return sprintf(buf, "%#x\n", dimm->handle);
499 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(handle);
501 static ssize_t fail_cmd_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
504 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
506 return sprintf(buf, "%#x\n", dimm->fail_cmd);
509 static ssize_t fail_cmd_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
510 const char *buf, size_t size)
512 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
516 rc = kstrtol(buf, 0, &val);
520 dimm->fail_cmd = val;
524 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(fail_cmd);
526 static ssize_t fail_cmd_code_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
529 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
531 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", dimm->fail_cmd_code);
534 static ssize_t fail_cmd_code_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
535 const char *buf, size_t size)
537 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
541 rc = kstrtol(buf, 0, &val);
545 dimm->fail_cmd_code = val;
548 static DEVICE_ATTR_RW(fail_cmd_code);
550 static struct attribute *dimm_attributes[] = {
551 &dev_attr_handle.attr,
552 &dev_attr_fail_cmd.attr,
553 &dev_attr_fail_cmd_code.attr,
557 static struct attribute_group dimm_attribute_group = {
558 .attrs = dimm_attributes,
561 static const struct attribute_group *dimm_attribute_groups[] = {
562 &dimm_attribute_group,
566 static ssize_t phys_id_show(struct device *dev,
567 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
569 struct nvdimm *nvdimm = to_nvdimm(dev);
570 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
572 return sprintf(buf, "%#x\n", dimm->physical_id);
574 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(phys_id);
576 static ssize_t vendor_show(struct device *dev,
577 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
579 return sprintf(buf, "0x1234567\n");
581 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(vendor);
583 static ssize_t id_show(struct device *dev,
584 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
586 struct nvdimm *nvdimm = to_nvdimm(dev);
587 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
589 return sprintf(buf, "%04x-%02x-%04x-%08x", 0xabcd,
590 0xa, 2016, ~(dimm->handle));
592 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(id);
594 static ssize_t nvdimm_handle_show(struct device *dev,
595 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
597 struct nvdimm *nvdimm = to_nvdimm(dev);
598 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
600 return sprintf(buf, "%#x\n", dimm->handle);
603 static struct device_attribute dev_attr_nvdimm_show_handle = {
604 .attr = { .name = "handle", .mode = 0444 },
605 .show = nvdimm_handle_show,
608 static ssize_t subsystem_vendor_show(struct device *dev,
609 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
611 return sprintf(buf, "0x%04x\n", 0);
613 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(subsystem_vendor);
615 static ssize_t dirty_shutdown_show(struct device *dev,
616 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
618 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", 42);
620 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(dirty_shutdown);
622 static ssize_t formats_show(struct device *dev,
623 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
625 struct nvdimm *nvdimm = to_nvdimm(dev);
626 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
628 return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", dimm->num_formats);
630 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(formats);
632 static ssize_t format_show(struct device *dev,
633 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
635 struct nvdimm *nvdimm = to_nvdimm(dev);
636 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
638 if (dimm->num_formats > 1)
639 return sprintf(buf, "0x201\n");
641 return sprintf(buf, "0x101\n");
643 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(format);
645 static ssize_t format1_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
648 return sprintf(buf, "0x301\n");
650 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(format1);
652 static umode_t ndtest_nvdimm_attr_visible(struct kobject *kobj,
653 struct attribute *a, int n)
655 struct device *dev = container_of(kobj, struct device, kobj);
656 struct nvdimm *nvdimm = to_nvdimm(dev);
657 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
659 if (a == &dev_attr_format1.attr && dimm->num_formats <= 1)
665 static ssize_t flags_show(struct device *dev,
666 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
668 struct nvdimm *nvdimm = to_nvdimm(dev);
669 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm = nvdimm_provider_data(nvdimm);
675 seq_buf_init(&s, buf, PAGE_SIZE);
676 if (flags & PAPR_PMEM_UNARMED_MASK)
677 seq_buf_printf(&s, "not_armed ");
679 if (flags & PAPR_PMEM_BAD_SHUTDOWN_MASK)
680 seq_buf_printf(&s, "flush_fail ");
682 if (flags & PAPR_PMEM_BAD_RESTORE_MASK)
683 seq_buf_printf(&s, "restore_fail ");
685 if (flags & PAPR_PMEM_SAVE_MASK)
686 seq_buf_printf(&s, "save_fail ");
688 if (flags & PAPR_PMEM_SMART_EVENT_MASK)
689 seq_buf_printf(&s, "smart_notify ");
692 if (seq_buf_used(&s))
693 seq_buf_printf(&s, "\n");
695 return seq_buf_used(&s);
697 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(flags);
699 static struct attribute *ndtest_nvdimm_attributes[] = {
700 &dev_attr_nvdimm_show_handle.attr,
701 &dev_attr_vendor.attr,
703 &dev_attr_phys_id.attr,
704 &dev_attr_subsystem_vendor.attr,
705 &dev_attr_dirty_shutdown.attr,
706 &dev_attr_formats.attr,
707 &dev_attr_format.attr,
708 &dev_attr_format1.attr,
709 &dev_attr_flags.attr,
713 static const struct attribute_group ndtest_nvdimm_attribute_group = {
715 .attrs = ndtest_nvdimm_attributes,
716 .is_visible = ndtest_nvdimm_attr_visible,
719 static const struct attribute_group *ndtest_nvdimm_attribute_groups[] = {
720 &ndtest_nvdimm_attribute_group,
724 static int ndtest_dimm_register(struct ndtest_priv *priv,
725 struct ndtest_dimm *dimm, int id)
727 struct device *dev = &priv->pdev.dev;
728 unsigned long dimm_flags = dimm->flags;
730 if (dimm->num_formats > 1)
731 set_bit(NDD_LABELING, &dimm_flags);
733 if (dimm->flags & PAPR_PMEM_UNARMED_MASK)
734 set_bit(NDD_UNARMED, &dimm_flags);
736 dimm->nvdimm = nvdimm_create(priv->bus, dimm,
737 ndtest_nvdimm_attribute_groups, dimm_flags,
738 NDTEST_SCM_DIMM_CMD_MASK, 0, NULL);
740 dev_err(dev, "Error creating DIMM object for %pOF\n", priv->dn);
744 dimm->dev = device_create_with_groups(&ndtest_dimm_class,
746 0, dimm, dimm_attribute_groups,
749 pr_err("Could not create dimm device attributes\n");
756 static int ndtest_nvdimm_init(struct ndtest_priv *p)
758 struct ndtest_dimm *d;
762 for (i = 0; i < p->config->dimm_count; i++) {
763 d = &p->config->dimms[i];
764 d->id = id = p->config->dimm_start + i;
765 res = ndtest_alloc_resource(p, LABEL_SIZE, NULL);
770 sprintf(d->label_area, "label%d", id);
771 d->config_size = LABEL_SIZE;
773 if (!ndtest_alloc_resource(p, d->size,
777 if (!ndtest_alloc_resource(p, LABEL_SIZE,
781 if (!ndtest_alloc_resource(p, LABEL_SIZE,
785 d->address = p->dimm_dma[id];
787 ndtest_dimm_register(p, d, id);
793 static ssize_t compatible_show(struct device *dev,
794 struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
796 return sprintf(buf, "nvdimm_test");
798 static DEVICE_ATTR_RO(compatible);
800 static struct attribute *of_node_attributes[] = {
801 &dev_attr_compatible.attr,
805 static const struct attribute_group of_node_attribute_group = {
807 .attrs = of_node_attributes,
810 static const struct attribute_group *ndtest_attribute_groups[] = {
811 &of_node_attribute_group,
815 static int ndtest_bus_register(struct ndtest_priv *p)
817 p->config = &bus_configs[p->pdev.id];
819 p->bus_desc.ndctl = ndtest_ctl;
820 p->bus_desc.module = THIS_MODULE;
821 p->bus_desc.provider_name = NULL;
822 p->bus_desc.attr_groups = ndtest_attribute_groups;
824 p->bus = nvdimm_bus_register(&p->pdev.dev, &p->bus_desc);
826 dev_err(&p->pdev.dev, "Error creating nvdimm bus %pOF\n", p->dn);
833 static int ndtest_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
835 struct ndtest_priv *p = to_ndtest_priv(&pdev->dev);
837 nvdimm_bus_unregister(p->bus);
841 static int ndtest_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
843 struct ndtest_priv *p;
846 p = to_ndtest_priv(&pdev->dev);
847 if (ndtest_bus_register(p))
850 p->dcr_dma = devm_kcalloc(&p->pdev.dev, NUM_DCR,
851 sizeof(dma_addr_t), GFP_KERNEL);
852 p->label_dma = devm_kcalloc(&p->pdev.dev, NUM_DCR,
853 sizeof(dma_addr_t), GFP_KERNEL);
854 p->dimm_dma = devm_kcalloc(&p->pdev.dev, NUM_DCR,
855 sizeof(dma_addr_t), GFP_KERNEL);
857 rc = ndtest_nvdimm_init(p);
861 rc = ndtest_init_regions(p);
865 rc = devm_add_action_or_reset(&pdev->dev, put_dimms, p);
869 platform_set_drvdata(pdev, p);
874 pr_err("%s:%d Failed nvdimm init\n", __func__, __LINE__);
878 static const struct platform_device_id ndtest_id[] = {
883 static struct platform_driver ndtest_driver = {
884 .probe = ndtest_probe,
885 .remove = ndtest_remove,
887 .name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
889 .id_table = ndtest_id,
892 static void ndtest_release(struct device *dev)
894 struct ndtest_priv *p = to_ndtest_priv(dev);
899 static void cleanup_devices(void)
903 for (i = 0; i < NUM_INSTANCES; i++)
905 platform_device_unregister(&instances[i]->pdev);
907 nfit_test_teardown();
910 gen_pool_destroy(ndtest_pool);
913 class_unregister(&ndtest_dimm_class);
916 static __init int ndtest_init(void)
925 nfit_test_setup(ndtest_resource_lookup, NULL);
927 rc = class_regster(&ndtest_dimm_class);
931 ndtest_pool = gen_pool_create(ilog2(SZ_4M), NUMA_NO_NODE);
937 if (gen_pool_add(ndtest_pool, SZ_4G, SZ_4G, NUMA_NO_NODE)) {
942 /* Each instance can be taken as a bus, which can have multiple dimms */
943 for (i = 0; i < NUM_INSTANCES; i++) {
944 struct ndtest_priv *priv;
945 struct platform_device *pdev;
947 priv = kzalloc(sizeof(*priv), GFP_KERNEL);
953 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&priv->resources);
955 pdev->name = KBUILD_MODNAME;
957 pdev->dev.release = ndtest_release;
958 rc = platform_device_register(pdev);
960 put_device(&pdev->dev);
963 get_device(&pdev->dev);
968 rc = platform_driver_register(&ndtest_driver);
975 pr_err("Error registering platform device\n");
981 static __exit void ndtest_exit(void)
984 platform_driver_unregister(&ndtest_driver);
987 module_init(ndtest_init);
988 module_exit(ndtest_exit);
989 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
990 MODULE_AUTHOR("IBM Corporation");