Merge tag 'keys-next-20171123' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowe...

[linux-2.6-microblaze.git] / mm / kmemleak.c

/*
 * mm/kmemleak.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2008 ARM Limited
 * Written by Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 *
 *
 * For more information on the algorithm and kmemleak usage, please see
 * Documentation/dev-tools/kmemleak.rst.
 *
 * Notes on locking
 * ----------------
 *
 * The following locks and mutexes are used by kmemleak:
 *
 * - kmemleak_lock (rwlock): protects the object_list modifications and
 *   accesses to the object_tree_root. The object_list is the main list
 *   holding the metadata (struct kmemleak_object) for the allocated memory
 *   blocks. The object_tree_root is a red black tree used to look-up
 *   metadata based on a pointer to the corresponding memory block.  The
 *   kmemleak_object structures are added to the object_list and
 *   object_tree_root in the create_object() function called from the
 *   kmemleak_alloc() callback and removed in delete_object() called from the
 *   kmemleak_free() callback
 * - kmemleak_object.lock (spinlock): protects a kmemleak_object. Accesses to
 *   the metadata (e.g. count) are protected by this lock. Note that some
 *   members of this structure may be protected by other means (atomic or
 *   kmemleak_lock). This lock is also held when scanning the corresponding
 *   memory block to avoid the kernel freeing it via the kmemleak_free()
 *   callback. This is less heavyweight than holding a global lock like
 *   kmemleak_lock during scanning
 * - scan_mutex (mutex): ensures that only one thread may scan the memory for
 *   unreferenced objects at a time. The gray_list contains the objects which
 *   are already referenced or marked as false positives and need to be
 *   scanned. This list is only modified during a scanning episode when the
 *   scan_mutex is held. At the end of a scan, the gray_list is always empty.
 *   Note that the kmemleak_object.use_count is incremented when an object is
 *   added to the gray_list and therefore cannot be freed. This mutex also
 *   prevents multiple users of the "kmemleak" debugfs file together with
 *   modifications to the memory scanning parameters including the scan_thread
 *   pointer
 *
 * Locks and mutexes are acquired/nested in the following order:
 *
 *   scan_mutex [-> object->lock] -> kmemleak_lock -> other_object->lock (SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING)
 *
 * No kmemleak_lock and object->lock nesting is allowed outside scan_mutex
 * regions.
 *
 * The kmemleak_object structures have a use_count incremented or decremented
 * using the get_object()/put_object() functions. When the use_count becomes
 * 0, this count can no longer be incremented and put_object() schedules the
 * kmemleak_object freeing via an RCU callback. All calls to the get_object()
 * function must be protected by rcu_read_lock() to avoid accessing a freed
 * structure.
 */

#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/sched/task.h>
#include <linux/sched/task_stack.h>
#include <linux/jiffies.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/rbtree.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/cpumask.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
#include <linux/stacktrace.h>
#include <linux/cache.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include <linux/bootmem.h>
#include <linux/pfn.h>
#include <linux/mmzone.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/thread_info.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/nodemask.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <linux/crc32.h>

#include <asm/sections.h>
#include <asm/processor.h>
#include <linux/atomic.h>

#include <linux/kasan.h>
#include <linux/kmemleak.h>
#include <linux/memory_hotplug.h>

/*
 * Kmemleak configuration and common defines.
 */
#define MAX_TRACE               16      /* stack trace length */
#define MSECS_MIN_AGE           5000    /* minimum object age for reporting */
#define SECS_FIRST_SCAN         60      /* delay before the first scan */
#define SECS_SCAN_WAIT          600     /* subsequent auto scanning delay */
#define MAX_SCAN_SIZE           4096    /* maximum size of a scanned block */

#define BYTES_PER_POINTER       sizeof(void *)

/* GFP bitmask for kmemleak internal allocations */
#define gfp_kmemleak_mask(gfp)  (((gfp) & (GFP_KERNEL | GFP_ATOMIC)) | \
                                 __GFP_NORETRY | __GFP_NOMEMALLOC | \
                                 __GFP_NOWARN)

/* scanning area inside a memory block */
struct kmemleak_scan_area {
        struct hlist_node node;
        unsigned long start;
        size_t size;
};

#define KMEMLEAK_GREY   0
#define KMEMLEAK_BLACK  -1

/*
 * Structure holding the metadata for each allocated memory block.
 * Modifications to such objects should be made while holding the
 * object->lock. Insertions or deletions from object_list, gray_list or
 * rb_node are already protected by the corresponding locks or mutex (see
 * the notes on locking above). These objects are reference-counted
 * (use_count) and freed using the RCU mechanism.
 */
struct kmemleak_object {
        spinlock_t lock;
        unsigned int flags;             /* object status flags */
        struct list_head object_list;
        struct list_head gray_list;
        struct rb_node rb_node;
        struct rcu_head rcu;            /* object_list lockless traversal */
        /* object usage count; object freed when use_count == 0 */
        atomic_t use_count;
        unsigned long pointer;
        size_t size;
        /* pass surplus references to this pointer */
        unsigned long excess_ref;
        /* minimum number of a pointers found before it is considered leak */
        int min_count;
        /* the total number of pointers found pointing to this object */
        int count;
        /* checksum for detecting modified objects */
        u32 checksum;
        /* memory ranges to be scanned inside an object (empty for all) */
        struct hlist_head area_list;
        unsigned long trace[MAX_TRACE];
        unsigned int trace_len;
        unsigned long jiffies;          /* creation timestamp */
        pid_t pid;                      /* pid of the current task */
        char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];       /* executable name */
};

/* flag representing the memory block allocation status */
#define OBJECT_ALLOCATED        (1 << 0)
/* flag set after the first reporting of an unreference object */
#define OBJECT_REPORTED         (1 << 1)
/* flag set to not scan the object */
#define OBJECT_NO_SCAN          (1 << 2)

/* number of bytes to print per line; must be 16 or 32 */
#define HEX_ROW_SIZE            16
/* number of bytes to print at a time (1, 2, 4, 8) */
#define HEX_GROUP_SIZE          1
/* include ASCII after the hex output */
#define HEX_ASCII               1
/* max number of lines to be printed */
#define HEX_MAX_LINES           2

/* the list of all allocated objects */
static LIST_HEAD(object_list);
/* the list of gray-colored objects (see color_gray comment below) */
static LIST_HEAD(gray_list);
/* search tree for object boundaries */
static struct rb_root object_tree_root = RB_ROOT;
/* rw_lock protecting the access to object_list and object_tree_root */
static DEFINE_RWLOCK(kmemleak_lock);

/* allocation caches for kmemleak internal data */
static struct kmem_cache *object_cache;
static struct kmem_cache *scan_area_cache;

/* set if tracing memory operations is enabled */
static int kmemleak_enabled;
/* same as above but only for the kmemleak_free() callback */
static int kmemleak_free_enabled;
/* set in the late_initcall if there were no errors */
static int kmemleak_initialized;
/* enables or disables early logging of the memory operations */
static int kmemleak_early_log = 1;
/* set if a kmemleak warning was issued */
static int kmemleak_warning;
/* set if a fatal kmemleak error has occurred */
static int kmemleak_error;

/* minimum and maximum address that may be valid pointers */
static unsigned long min_addr = ULONG_MAX;
static unsigned long max_addr;

static struct task_struct *scan_thread;
/* used to avoid reporting of recently allocated objects */
static unsigned long jiffies_min_age;
static unsigned long jiffies_last_scan;
/* delay between automatic memory scannings */
static signed long jiffies_scan_wait;
/* enables or disables the task stacks scanning */
static int kmemleak_stack_scan = 1;
/* protects the memory scanning, parameters and debug/kmemleak file access */
static DEFINE_MUTEX(scan_mutex);
/* setting kmemleak=on, will set this var, skipping the disable */
static int kmemleak_skip_disable;
/* If there are leaks that can be reported */
static bool kmemleak_found_leaks;

/*
 * Early object allocation/freeing logging. Kmemleak is initialized after the
 * kernel allocator. However, both the kernel allocator and kmemleak may
 * allocate memory blocks which need to be tracked. Kmemleak defines an
 * arbitrary buffer to hold the allocation/freeing information before it is
 * fully initialized.
 */

/* kmemleak operation type for early logging */
enum {
        KMEMLEAK_ALLOC,
        KMEMLEAK_ALLOC_PERCPU,
        KMEMLEAK_FREE,
        KMEMLEAK_FREE_PART,
        KMEMLEAK_FREE_PERCPU,
        KMEMLEAK_NOT_LEAK,
        KMEMLEAK_IGNORE,
        KMEMLEAK_SCAN_AREA,
        KMEMLEAK_NO_SCAN,
        KMEMLEAK_SET_EXCESS_REF
};

/*
 * Structure holding the information passed to kmemleak callbacks during the
 * early logging.
 */
struct early_log {
        int op_type;                    /* kmemleak operation type */
        int min_count;                  /* minimum reference count */
        const void *ptr;                /* allocated/freed memory block */
        union {
                size_t size;            /* memory block size */
                unsigned long excess_ref; /* surplus reference passing */
        };
        unsigned long trace[MAX_TRACE]; /* stack trace */
        unsigned int trace_len;         /* stack trace length */
};

/* early logging buffer and current position */
static struct early_log
        early_log[CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_EARLY_LOG_SIZE] __initdata;
static int crt_early_log __initdata;

static void kmemleak_disable(void);

/*
 * Print a warning and dump the stack trace.
 */
#define kmemleak_warn(x...)     do {            \
        pr_warn(x);                             \
        dump_stack();                           \
        kmemleak_warning = 1;                   \
} while (0)

/*
 * Macro invoked when a serious kmemleak condition occurred and cannot be
 * recovered from. Kmemleak will be disabled and further allocation/freeing
 * tracing no longer available.
 */
#define kmemleak_stop(x...)     do {    \
        kmemleak_warn(x);               \
        kmemleak_disable();             \
} while (0)

/*
 * Printing of the objects hex dump to the seq file. The number of lines to be
 * printed is limited to HEX_MAX_LINES to prevent seq file spamming. The
 * actual number of printed bytes depends on HEX_ROW_SIZE. It must be called
 * with the object->lock held.
 */
static void hex_dump_object(struct seq_file *seq,
                            struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        const u8 *ptr = (const u8 *)object->pointer;
        size_t len;

        /* limit the number of lines to HEX_MAX_LINES */
        len = min_t(size_t, object->size, HEX_MAX_LINES * HEX_ROW_SIZE);

        seq_printf(seq, "  hex dump (first %zu bytes):\n", len);
        kasan_disable_current();
        seq_hex_dump(seq, "    ", DUMP_PREFIX_NONE, HEX_ROW_SIZE,
                     HEX_GROUP_SIZE, ptr, len, HEX_ASCII);
        kasan_enable_current();
}

/*
 * Object colors, encoded with count and min_count:
 * - white - orphan object, not enough references to it (count < min_count)
 * - gray  - not orphan, not marked as false positive (min_count == 0) or
 *              sufficient references to it (count >= min_count)
 * - black - ignore, it doesn't contain references (e.g. text section)
 *              (min_count == -1). No function defined for this color.
 * Newly created objects don't have any color assigned (object->count == -1)
 * before the next memory scan when they become white.
 */
static bool color_white(const struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        return object->count != KMEMLEAK_BLACK &&
                object->count < object->min_count;
}

static bool color_gray(const struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        return object->min_count != KMEMLEAK_BLACK &&
                object->count >= object->min_count;
}

/*
 * Objects are considered unreferenced only if their color is white, they have
 * not be deleted and have a minimum age to avoid false positives caused by
 * pointers temporarily stored in CPU registers.
 */
static bool unreferenced_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        return (color_white(object) && object->flags & OBJECT_ALLOCATED) &&
                time_before_eq(object->jiffies + jiffies_min_age,
                               jiffies_last_scan);
}

/*
 * Printing of the unreferenced objects information to the seq file. The
 * print_unreferenced function must be called with the object->lock held.
 */
static void print_unreferenced(struct seq_file *seq,
                               struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        int i;
        unsigned int msecs_age = jiffies_to_msecs(jiffies - object->jiffies);

        seq_printf(seq, "unreferenced object 0x%08lx (size %zu):\n",
                   object->pointer, object->size);
        seq_printf(seq, "  comm \"%s\", pid %d, jiffies %lu (age %d.%03ds)\n",
                   object->comm, object->pid, object->jiffies,
                   msecs_age / 1000, msecs_age % 1000);
        hex_dump_object(seq, object);
        seq_printf(seq, "  backtrace:\n");

        for (i = 0; i < object->trace_len; i++) {
                void *ptr = (void *)object->trace[i];
                seq_printf(seq, "    [<%p>] %pS\n", ptr, ptr);
        }
}

/*
 * Print the kmemleak_object information. This function is used mainly for
 * debugging special cases when kmemleak operations. It must be called with
 * the object->lock held.
 */
static void dump_object_info(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        struct stack_trace trace;

        trace.nr_entries = object->trace_len;
        trace.entries = object->trace;

        pr_notice("Object 0x%08lx (size %zu):\n",
                  object->pointer, object->size);
        pr_notice("  comm \"%s\", pid %d, jiffies %lu\n",
                  object->comm, object->pid, object->jiffies);
        pr_notice("  min_count = %d\n", object->min_count);
        pr_notice("  count = %d\n", object->count);
        pr_notice("  flags = 0x%x\n", object->flags);
        pr_notice("  checksum = %u\n", object->checksum);
        pr_notice("  backtrace:\n");
        print_stack_trace(&trace, 4);
}

/*
 * Look-up a memory block metadata (kmemleak_object) in the object search
 * tree based on a pointer value. If alias is 0, only values pointing to the
 * beginning of the memory block are allowed. The kmemleak_lock must be held
 * when calling this function.
 */
static struct kmemleak_object *lookup_object(unsigned long ptr, int alias)
{
        struct rb_node *rb = object_tree_root.rb_node;

        while (rb) {
                struct kmemleak_object *object =
                        rb_entry(rb, struct kmemleak_object, rb_node);
                if (ptr < object->pointer)
                        rb = object->rb_node.rb_left;
                else if (object->pointer + object->size <= ptr)
                        rb = object->rb_node.rb_right;
                else if (object->pointer == ptr || alias)
                        return object;
                else {
                        kmemleak_warn("Found object by alias at 0x%08lx\n",
                                      ptr);
                        dump_object_info(object);
                        break;
                }
        }
        return NULL;
}

/*
 * Increment the object use_count. Return 1 if successful or 0 otherwise. Note
 * that once an object's use_count reached 0, the RCU freeing was already
 * registered and the object should no longer be used. This function must be
 * called under the protection of rcu_read_lock().
 */
static int get_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        return atomic_inc_not_zero(&object->use_count);
}

/*
 * RCU callback to free a kmemleak_object.
 */
static void free_object_rcu(struct rcu_head *rcu)
{
        struct hlist_node *tmp;
        struct kmemleak_scan_area *area;
        struct kmemleak_object *object =
                container_of(rcu, struct kmemleak_object, rcu);

        /*
         * Once use_count is 0 (guaranteed by put_object), there is no other
         * code accessing this object, hence no need for locking.
         */
        hlist_for_each_entry_safe(area, tmp, &object->area_list, node) {
                hlist_del(&area->node);
                kmem_cache_free(scan_area_cache, area);
        }
        kmem_cache_free(object_cache, object);
}

/*
 * Decrement the object use_count. Once the count is 0, free the object using
 * an RCU callback. Since put_object() may be called via the kmemleak_free() ->
 * delete_object() path, the delayed RCU freeing ensures that there is no
 * recursive call to the kernel allocator. Lock-less RCU object_list traversal
 * is also possible.
 */
static void put_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&object->use_count))
                return;

        /* should only get here after delete_object was called */
        WARN_ON(object->flags & OBJECT_ALLOCATED);

        call_rcu(&object->rcu, free_object_rcu);
}

/*
 * Look up an object in the object search tree and increase its use_count.
 */
static struct kmemleak_object *find_and_get_object(unsigned long ptr, int alias)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object;

        rcu_read_lock();
        read_lock_irqsave(&kmemleak_lock, flags);
        object = lookup_object(ptr, alias);
        read_unlock_irqrestore(&kmemleak_lock, flags);

        /* check whether the object is still available */
        if (object && !get_object(object))
                object = NULL;
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return object;
}

/*
 * Look up an object in the object search tree and remove it from both
 * object_tree_root and object_list. The returned object's use_count should be
 * at least 1, as initially set by create_object().
 */
static struct kmemleak_object *find_and_remove_object(unsigned long ptr, int alias)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object;

        write_lock_irqsave(&kmemleak_lock, flags);
        object = lookup_object(ptr, alias);
        if (object) {
                rb_erase(&object->rb_node, &object_tree_root);
                list_del_rcu(&object->object_list);
        }
        write_unlock_irqrestore(&kmemleak_lock, flags);

        return object;
}

/*
 * Save stack trace to the given array of MAX_TRACE size.
 */
static int __save_stack_trace(unsigned long *trace)
{
        struct stack_trace stack_trace;

        stack_trace.max_entries = MAX_TRACE;
        stack_trace.nr_entries = 0;
        stack_trace.entries = trace;
        stack_trace.skip = 2;
        save_stack_trace(&stack_trace);

        return stack_trace.nr_entries;
}

/*
 * Create the metadata (struct kmemleak_object) corresponding to an allocated
 * memory block and add it to the object_list and object_tree_root.
 */
static struct kmemleak_object *create_object(unsigned long ptr, size_t size,
                                             int min_count, gfp_t gfp)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object, *parent;
        struct rb_node **link, *rb_parent;

        object = kmem_cache_alloc(object_cache, gfp_kmemleak_mask(gfp));
        if (!object) {
                pr_warn("Cannot allocate a kmemleak_object structure\n");
                kmemleak_disable();
                return NULL;
        }

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&object->object_list);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&object->gray_list);
        INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&object->area_list);
        spin_lock_init(&object->lock);
        atomic_set(&object->use_count, 1);
        object->flags = OBJECT_ALLOCATED;
        object->pointer = ptr;
        object->size = size;
        object->excess_ref = 0;
        object->min_count = min_count;
        object->count = 0;                      /* white color initially */
        object->jiffies = jiffies;
        object->checksum = 0;

        /* task information */
        if (in_irq()) {
                object->pid = 0;
                strncpy(object->comm, "hardirq", sizeof(object->comm));
        } else if (in_softirq()) {
                object->pid = 0;
                strncpy(object->comm, "softirq", sizeof(object->comm));
        } else {
                object->pid = current->pid;
                /*
                 * There is a small chance of a race with set_task_comm(),
                 * however using get_task_comm() here may cause locking
                 * dependency issues with current->alloc_lock. In the worst
                 * case, the command line is not correct.
                 */
                strncpy(object->comm, current->comm, sizeof(object->comm));
        }

        /* kernel backtrace */
        object->trace_len = __save_stack_trace(object->trace);

        write_lock_irqsave(&kmemleak_lock, flags);

        min_addr = min(min_addr, ptr);
        max_addr = max(max_addr, ptr + size);
        link = &object_tree_root.rb_node;
        rb_parent = NULL;
        while (*link) {
                rb_parent = *link;
                parent = rb_entry(rb_parent, struct kmemleak_object, rb_node);
                if (ptr + size <= parent->pointer)
                        link = &parent->rb_node.rb_left;
                else if (parent->pointer + parent->size <= ptr)
                        link = &parent->rb_node.rb_right;
                else {
                        kmemleak_stop("Cannot insert 0x%lx into the object search tree (overlaps existing)\n",
                                      ptr);
                        /*
                         * No need for parent->lock here since "parent" cannot
                         * be freed while the kmemleak_lock is held.
                         */
                        dump_object_info(parent);
                        kmem_cache_free(object_cache, object);
                        object = NULL;
                        goto out;
                }
        }
        rb_link_node(&object->rb_node, rb_parent, link);
        rb_insert_color(&object->rb_node, &object_tree_root);

        list_add_tail_rcu(&object->object_list, &object_list);
out:
        write_unlock_irqrestore(&kmemleak_lock, flags);
        return object;
}

/*
 * Mark the object as not allocated and schedule RCU freeing via put_object().
 */
static void __delete_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        WARN_ON(!(object->flags & OBJECT_ALLOCATED));
        WARN_ON(atomic_read(&object->use_count) < 1);

        /*
         * Locking here also ensures that the corresponding memory block
         * cannot be freed when it is being scanned.
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        object->flags &= ~OBJECT_ALLOCATED;
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        put_object(object);
}

/*
 * Look up the metadata (struct kmemleak_object) corresponding to ptr and
 * delete it.
 */
static void delete_object_full(unsigned long ptr)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;

        object = find_and_remove_object(ptr, 0);
        if (!object) {
#ifdef DEBUG
                kmemleak_warn("Freeing unknown object at 0x%08lx\n",
                              ptr);
#endif
                return;
        }
        __delete_object(object);
}

/*
 * Look up the metadata (struct kmemleak_object) corresponding to ptr and
 * delete it. If the memory block is partially freed, the function may create
 * additional metadata for the remaining parts of the block.
 */
static void delete_object_part(unsigned long ptr, size_t size)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        unsigned long start, end;

        object = find_and_remove_object(ptr, 1);
        if (!object) {
#ifdef DEBUG
                kmemleak_warn("Partially freeing unknown object at 0x%08lx (size %zu)\n",
                              ptr, size);
#endif
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Create one or two objects that may result from the memory block
         * split. Note that partial freeing is only done by free_bootmem() and
         * this happens before kmemleak_init() is called. The path below is
         * only executed during early log recording in kmemleak_init(), so
         * GFP_KERNEL is enough.
         */
        start = object->pointer;
        end = object->pointer + object->size;
        if (ptr > start)
                create_object(start, ptr - start, object->min_count,
                              GFP_KERNEL);
        if (ptr + size < end)
                create_object(ptr + size, end - ptr - size, object->min_count,
                              GFP_KERNEL);

        __delete_object(object);
}

static void __paint_it(struct kmemleak_object *object, int color)
{
        object->min_count = color;
        if (color == KMEMLEAK_BLACK)
                object->flags |= OBJECT_NO_SCAN;
}

static void paint_it(struct kmemleak_object *object, int color)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        __paint_it(object, color);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
}

static void paint_ptr(unsigned long ptr, int color)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;

        object = find_and_get_object(ptr, 0);
        if (!object) {
                kmemleak_warn("Trying to color unknown object at 0x%08lx as %s\n",
                              ptr,
                              (color == KMEMLEAK_GREY) ? "Grey" :
                              (color == KMEMLEAK_BLACK) ? "Black" : "Unknown");
                return;
        }
        paint_it(object, color);
        put_object(object);
}

/*
 * Mark an object permanently as gray-colored so that it can no longer be
 * reported as a leak. This is used in general to mark a false positive.
 */
static void make_gray_object(unsigned long ptr)
{
        paint_ptr(ptr, KMEMLEAK_GREY);
}

/*
 * Mark the object as black-colored so that it is ignored from scans and
 * reporting.
 */
static void make_black_object(unsigned long ptr)
{
        paint_ptr(ptr, KMEMLEAK_BLACK);
}

/*
 * Add a scanning area to the object. If at least one such area is added,
 * kmemleak will only scan these ranges rather than the whole memory block.
 */
static void add_scan_area(unsigned long ptr, size_t size, gfp_t gfp)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        struct kmemleak_scan_area *area;

        object = find_and_get_object(ptr, 1);
        if (!object) {
                kmemleak_warn("Adding scan area to unknown object at 0x%08lx\n",
                              ptr);
                return;
        }

        area = kmem_cache_alloc(scan_area_cache, gfp_kmemleak_mask(gfp));
        if (!area) {
                pr_warn("Cannot allocate a scan area\n");
                goto out;
        }

        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        if (size == SIZE_MAX) {
                size = object->pointer + object->size - ptr;
        } else if (ptr + size > object->pointer + object->size) {
                kmemleak_warn("Scan area larger than object 0x%08lx\n", ptr);
                dump_object_info(object);
                kmem_cache_free(scan_area_cache, area);
                goto out_unlock;
        }

        INIT_HLIST_NODE(&area->node);
        area->start = ptr;
        area->size = size;

        hlist_add_head(&area->node, &object->area_list);
out_unlock:
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
out:
        put_object(object);
}

/*
 * Any surplus references (object already gray) to 'ptr' are passed to
 * 'excess_ref'. This is used in the vmalloc() case where a pointer to
 * vm_struct may be used as an alternative reference to the vmalloc'ed object
 * (see free_thread_stack()).
 */
static void object_set_excess_ref(unsigned long ptr, unsigned long excess_ref)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object;

        object = find_and_get_object(ptr, 0);
        if (!object) {
                kmemleak_warn("Setting excess_ref on unknown object at 0x%08lx\n",
                              ptr);
                return;
        }

        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        object->excess_ref = excess_ref;
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        put_object(object);
}

/*
 * Set the OBJECT_NO_SCAN flag for the object corresponding to the give
 * pointer. Such object will not be scanned by kmemleak but references to it
 * are searched.
 */
static void object_no_scan(unsigned long ptr)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object;

        object = find_and_get_object(ptr, 0);
        if (!object) {
                kmemleak_warn("Not scanning unknown object at 0x%08lx\n", ptr);
                return;
        }

        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        object->flags |= OBJECT_NO_SCAN;
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        put_object(object);
}

/*
 * Log an early kmemleak_* call to the early_log buffer. These calls will be
 * processed later once kmemleak is fully initialized.
 */
static void __init log_early(int op_type, const void *ptr, size_t size,
                             int min_count)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct early_log *log;

        if (kmemleak_error) {
                /* kmemleak stopped recording, just count the requests */
                crt_early_log++;
                return;
        }

        if (crt_early_log >= ARRAY_SIZE(early_log)) {
                crt_early_log++;
                kmemleak_disable();
                return;
        }

        /*
         * There is no need for locking since the kernel is still in UP mode
         * at this stage. Disabling the IRQs is enough.
         */
        local_irq_save(flags);
        log = &early_log[crt_early_log];
        log->op_type = op_type;
        log->ptr = ptr;
        log->size = size;
        log->min_count = min_count;
        log->trace_len = __save_stack_trace(log->trace);
        crt_early_log++;
        local_irq_restore(flags);
}

/*
 * Log an early allocated block and populate the stack trace.
 */
static void early_alloc(struct early_log *log)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        unsigned long flags;
        int i;

        if (!kmemleak_enabled || !log->ptr || IS_ERR(log->ptr))
                return;

        /*
         * RCU locking needed to ensure object is not freed via put_object().
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        object = create_object((unsigned long)log->ptr, log->size,
                               log->min_count, GFP_ATOMIC);
        if (!object)
                goto out;
        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        for (i = 0; i < log->trace_len; i++)
                object->trace[i] = log->trace[i];
        object->trace_len = log->trace_len;
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * Log an early allocated block and populate the stack trace.
 */
static void early_alloc_percpu(struct early_log *log)
{
        unsigned int cpu;
        const void __percpu *ptr = log->ptr;

        for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
                log->ptr = per_cpu_ptr(ptr, cpu);
                early_alloc(log);
        }
}

/**
 * kmemleak_alloc - register a newly allocated object
 * @ptr:        pointer to beginning of the object
 * @size:       size of the object
 * @min_count:  minimum number of references to this object. If during memory
 *              scanning a number of references less than @min_count is found,
 *              the object is reported as a memory leak. If @min_count is 0,
 *              the object is never reported as a leak. If @min_count is -1,
 *              the object is ignored (not scanned and not reported as a leak)
 * @gfp:        kmalloc() flags used for kmemleak internal memory allocations
 *
 * This function is called from the kernel allocators when a new object
 * (memory block) is allocated (kmem_cache_alloc, kmalloc etc.).
 */
void __ref kmemleak_alloc(const void *ptr, size_t size, int min_count,
                          gfp_t gfp)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p, %zu, %d)\n", __func__, ptr, size, min_count);

        if (kmemleak_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                create_object((unsigned long)ptr, size, min_count, gfp);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_ALLOC, ptr, size, min_count);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmemleak_alloc);

/**
 * kmemleak_alloc_percpu - register a newly allocated __percpu object
 * @ptr:        __percpu pointer to beginning of the object
 * @size:       size of the object
 * @gfp:        flags used for kmemleak internal memory allocations
 *
 * This function is called from the kernel percpu allocator when a new object
 * (memory block) is allocated (alloc_percpu).
 */
void __ref kmemleak_alloc_percpu(const void __percpu *ptr, size_t size,
                                 gfp_t gfp)
{
        unsigned int cpu;

        pr_debug("%s(0x%p, %zu)\n", __func__, ptr, size);

        /*
         * Percpu allocations are only scanned and not reported as leaks
         * (min_count is set to 0).
         */
        if (kmemleak_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
                        create_object((unsigned long)per_cpu_ptr(ptr, cpu),
                                      size, 0, gfp);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_ALLOC_PERCPU, ptr, size, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmemleak_alloc_percpu);

/**
 * kmemleak_vmalloc - register a newly vmalloc'ed object
 * @area:       pointer to vm_struct
 * @size:       size of the object
 * @gfp:        __vmalloc() flags used for kmemleak internal memory allocations
 *
 * This function is called from the vmalloc() kernel allocator when a new
 * object (memory block) is allocated.
 */
void __ref kmemleak_vmalloc(const struct vm_struct *area, size_t size, gfp_t gfp)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p, %zu)\n", __func__, area, size);

        /*
         * A min_count = 2 is needed because vm_struct contains a reference to
         * the virtual address of the vmalloc'ed block.
         */
        if (kmemleak_enabled) {
                create_object((unsigned long)area->addr, size, 2, gfp);
                object_set_excess_ref((unsigned long)area,
                                      (unsigned long)area->addr);
        } else if (kmemleak_early_log) {
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_ALLOC, area->addr, size, 2);
                /* reusing early_log.size for storing area->addr */
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_SET_EXCESS_REF,
                          area, (unsigned long)area->addr, 0);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmemleak_vmalloc);

/**
 * kmemleak_free - unregister a previously registered object
 * @ptr:        pointer to beginning of the object
 *
 * This function is called from the kernel allocators when an object (memory
 * block) is freed (kmem_cache_free, kfree, vfree etc.).
 */
void __ref kmemleak_free(const void *ptr)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (kmemleak_free_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                delete_object_full((unsigned long)ptr);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_FREE, ptr, 0, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmemleak_free);

/**
 * kmemleak_free_part - partially unregister a previously registered object
 * @ptr:        pointer to the beginning or inside the object. This also
 *              represents the start of the range to be freed
 * @size:       size to be unregistered
 *
 * This function is called when only a part of a memory block is freed
 * (usually from the bootmem allocator).
 */
void __ref kmemleak_free_part(const void *ptr, size_t size)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (kmemleak_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                delete_object_part((unsigned long)ptr, size);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_FREE_PART, ptr, size, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmemleak_free_part);

/**
 * kmemleak_free_percpu - unregister a previously registered __percpu object
 * @ptr:        __percpu pointer to beginning of the object
 *
 * This function is called from the kernel percpu allocator when an object
 * (memory block) is freed (free_percpu).
 */
void __ref kmemleak_free_percpu(const void __percpu *ptr)
{
        unsigned int cpu;

        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (kmemleak_free_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
                        delete_object_full((unsigned long)per_cpu_ptr(ptr,
                                                                      cpu));
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_FREE_PERCPU, ptr, 0, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kmemleak_free_percpu);

/**
 * kmemleak_update_trace - update object allocation stack trace
 * @ptr:        pointer to beginning of the object
 *
 * Override the object allocation stack trace for cases where the actual
 * allocation place is not always useful.
 */
void __ref kmemleak_update_trace(const void *ptr)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        unsigned long flags;

        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (!kmemleak_enabled || IS_ERR_OR_NULL(ptr))
                return;

        object = find_and_get_object((unsigned long)ptr, 1);
        if (!object) {
#ifdef DEBUG
                kmemleak_warn("Updating stack trace for unknown object at %p\n",
                              ptr);
#endif
                return;
        }

        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        object->trace_len = __save_stack_trace(object->trace);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);

        put_object(object);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_update_trace);

/**
 * kmemleak_not_leak - mark an allocated object as false positive
 * @ptr:        pointer to beginning of the object
 *
 * Calling this function on an object will cause the memory block to no longer
 * be reported as leak and always be scanned.
 */
void __ref kmemleak_not_leak(const void *ptr)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (kmemleak_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                make_gray_object((unsigned long)ptr);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_NOT_LEAK, ptr, 0, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_not_leak);

/**
 * kmemleak_ignore - ignore an allocated object
 * @ptr:        pointer to beginning of the object
 *
 * Calling this function on an object will cause the memory block to be
 * ignored (not scanned and not reported as a leak). This is usually done when
 * it is known that the corresponding block is not a leak and does not contain
 * any references to other allocated memory blocks.
 */
void __ref kmemleak_ignore(const void *ptr)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (kmemleak_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                make_black_object((unsigned long)ptr);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_IGNORE, ptr, 0, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_ignore);

/**
 * kmemleak_scan_area - limit the range to be scanned in an allocated object
 * @ptr:        pointer to beginning or inside the object. This also
 *              represents the start of the scan area
 * @size:       size of the scan area
 * @gfp:        kmalloc() flags used for kmemleak internal memory allocations
 *
 * This function is used when it is known that only certain parts of an object
 * contain references to other objects. Kmemleak will only scan these areas
 * reducing the number false negatives.
 */
void __ref kmemleak_scan_area(const void *ptr, size_t size, gfp_t gfp)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (kmemleak_enabled && ptr && size && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                add_scan_area((unsigned long)ptr, size, gfp);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_SCAN_AREA, ptr, size, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_scan_area);

/**
 * kmemleak_no_scan - do not scan an allocated object
 * @ptr:        pointer to beginning of the object
 *
 * This function notifies kmemleak not to scan the given memory block. Useful
 * in situations where it is known that the given object does not contain any
 * references to other objects. Kmemleak will not scan such objects reducing
 * the number of false negatives.
 */
void __ref kmemleak_no_scan(const void *ptr)
{
        pr_debug("%s(0x%p)\n", __func__, ptr);

        if (kmemleak_enabled && ptr && !IS_ERR(ptr))
                object_no_scan((unsigned long)ptr);
        else if (kmemleak_early_log)
                log_early(KMEMLEAK_NO_SCAN, ptr, 0, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_no_scan);

/**
 * kmemleak_alloc_phys - similar to kmemleak_alloc but taking a physical
 *                       address argument
 */
void __ref kmemleak_alloc_phys(phys_addr_t phys, size_t size, int min_count,
                               gfp_t gfp)
{
        if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HIGHMEM) || PHYS_PFN(phys) < max_low_pfn)
                kmemleak_alloc(__va(phys), size, min_count, gfp);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_alloc_phys);

/**
 * kmemleak_free_part_phys - similar to kmemleak_free_part but taking a
 *                           physical address argument
 */
void __ref kmemleak_free_part_phys(phys_addr_t phys, size_t size)
{
        if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HIGHMEM) || PHYS_PFN(phys) < max_low_pfn)
                kmemleak_free_part(__va(phys), size);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_free_part_phys);

/**
 * kmemleak_not_leak_phys - similar to kmemleak_not_leak but taking a physical
 *                          address argument
 */
void __ref kmemleak_not_leak_phys(phys_addr_t phys)
{
        if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HIGHMEM) || PHYS_PFN(phys) < max_low_pfn)
                kmemleak_not_leak(__va(phys));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_not_leak_phys);

/**
 * kmemleak_ignore_phys - similar to kmemleak_ignore but taking a physical
 *                        address argument
 */
void __ref kmemleak_ignore_phys(phys_addr_t phys)
{
        if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HIGHMEM) || PHYS_PFN(phys) < max_low_pfn)
                kmemleak_ignore(__va(phys));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmemleak_ignore_phys);

/*
 * Update an object's checksum and return true if it was modified.
 */
static bool update_checksum(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        u32 old_csum = object->checksum;

        kasan_disable_current();
        object->checksum = crc32(0, (void *)object->pointer, object->size);
        kasan_enable_current();

        return object->checksum != old_csum;
}

/*
 * Update an object's references. object->lock must be held by the caller.
 */
static void update_refs(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        if (!color_white(object)) {
                /* non-orphan, ignored or new */
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Increase the object's reference count (number of pointers to the
         * memory block). If this count reaches the required minimum, the
         * object's color will become gray and it will be added to the
         * gray_list.
         */
        object->count++;
        if (color_gray(object)) {
                /* put_object() called when removing from gray_list */
                WARN_ON(!get_object(object));
                list_add_tail(&object->gray_list, &gray_list);
        }
}

/*
 * Memory scanning is a long process and it needs to be interruptable. This
 * function checks whether such interrupt condition occurred.
 */
static int scan_should_stop(void)
{
        if (!kmemleak_enabled)
                return 1;

        /*
         * This function may be called from either process or kthread context,
         * hence the need to check for both stop conditions.
         */
        if (current->mm)
                return signal_pending(current);
        else
                return kthread_should_stop();

        return 0;
}

/*
 * Scan a memory block (exclusive range) for valid pointers and add those
 * found to the gray list.
 */
static void scan_block(void *_start, void *_end,
                       struct kmemleak_object *scanned)
{
        unsigned long *ptr;
        unsigned long *start = PTR_ALIGN(_start, BYTES_PER_POINTER);
        unsigned long *end = _end - (BYTES_PER_POINTER - 1);
        unsigned long flags;

        read_lock_irqsave(&kmemleak_lock, flags);
        for (ptr = start; ptr < end; ptr++) {
                struct kmemleak_object *object;
                unsigned long pointer;
                unsigned long excess_ref;

                if (scan_should_stop())
                        break;

                kasan_disable_current();
                pointer = *ptr;
                kasan_enable_current();

                if (pointer < min_addr || pointer >= max_addr)
                        continue;

                /*
                 * No need for get_object() here since we hold kmemleak_lock.
                 * object->use_count cannot be dropped to 0 while the object
                 * is still present in object_tree_root and object_list
                 * (with updates protected by kmemleak_lock).
                 */
                object = lookup_object(pointer, 1);
                if (!object)
                        continue;
                if (object == scanned)
                        /* self referenced, ignore */
                        continue;

                /*
                 * Avoid the lockdep recursive warning on object->lock being
                 * previously acquired in scan_object(). These locks are
                 * enclosed by scan_mutex.
                 */
                spin_lock_nested(&object->lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
                /* only pass surplus references (object already gray) */
                if (color_gray(object)) {
                        excess_ref = object->excess_ref;
                        /* no need for update_refs() if object already gray */
                } else {
                        excess_ref = 0;
                        update_refs(object);
                }
                spin_unlock(&object->lock);

                if (excess_ref) {
                        object = lookup_object(excess_ref, 0);
                        if (!object)
                                continue;
                        if (object == scanned)
                                /* circular reference, ignore */
                                continue;
                        spin_lock_nested(&object->lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
                        update_refs(object);
                        spin_unlock(&object->lock);
                }
        }
        read_unlock_irqrestore(&kmemleak_lock, flags);
}

/*
 * Scan a large memory block in MAX_SCAN_SIZE chunks to reduce the latency.
 */
static void scan_large_block(void *start, void *end)
{
        void *next;

        while (start < end) {
                next = min(start + MAX_SCAN_SIZE, end);
                scan_block(start, next, NULL);
                start = next;
                cond_resched();
        }
}

/*
 * Scan a memory block corresponding to a kmemleak_object. A condition is
 * that object->use_count >= 1.
 */
static void scan_object(struct kmemleak_object *object)
{
        struct kmemleak_scan_area *area;
        unsigned long flags;

        /*
         * Once the object->lock is acquired, the corresponding memory block
         * cannot be freed (the same lock is acquired in delete_object).
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        if (object->flags & OBJECT_NO_SCAN)
                goto out;
        if (!(object->flags & OBJECT_ALLOCATED))
                /* already freed object */
                goto out;
        if (hlist_empty(&object->area_list)) {
                void *start = (void *)object->pointer;
                void *end = (void *)(object->pointer + object->size);
                void *next;

                do {
                        next = min(start + MAX_SCAN_SIZE, end);
                        scan_block(start, next, object);

                        start = next;
                        if (start >= end)
                                break;

                        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
                        cond_resched();
                        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
                } while (object->flags & OBJECT_ALLOCATED);
        } else
                hlist_for_each_entry(area, &object->area_list, node)
                        scan_block((void *)area->start,
                                   (void *)(area->start + area->size),
                                   object);
out:
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
}

/*
 * Scan the objects already referenced (gray objects). More objects will be
 * referenced and, if there are no memory leaks, all the objects are scanned.
 */
static void scan_gray_list(void)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object, *tmp;

        /*
         * The list traversal is safe for both tail additions and removals
         * from inside the loop. The kmemleak objects cannot be freed from
         * outside the loop because their use_count was incremented.
         */
        object = list_entry(gray_list.next, typeof(*object), gray_list);
        while (&object->gray_list != &gray_list) {
                cond_resched();

                /* may add new objects to the list */
                if (!scan_should_stop())
                        scan_object(object);

                tmp = list_entry(object->gray_list.next, typeof(*object),
                                 gray_list);

                /* remove the object from the list and release it */
                list_del(&object->gray_list);
                put_object(object);

                object = tmp;
        }
        WARN_ON(!list_empty(&gray_list));
}

/*
 * Scan data sections and all the referenced memory blocks allocated via the
 * kernel's standard allocators. This function must be called with the
 * scan_mutex held.
 */
static void kmemleak_scan(void)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        int i;
        int new_leaks = 0;

        jiffies_last_scan = jiffies;

        /* prepare the kmemleak_object's */
        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(object, &object_list, object_list) {
                spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
#ifdef DEBUG
                /*
                 * With a few exceptions there should be a maximum of
                 * 1 reference to any object at this point.
                 */
                if (atomic_read(&object->use_count) > 1) {
                        pr_debug("object->use_count = %d\n",
                                 atomic_read(&object->use_count));
                        dump_object_info(object);
                }
#endif
                /* reset the reference count (whiten the object) */
                object->count = 0;
                if (color_gray(object) && get_object(object))
                        list_add_tail(&object->gray_list, &gray_list);

                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        /* data/bss scanning */
        scan_large_block(_sdata, _edata);
        scan_large_block(__bss_start, __bss_stop);
        scan_large_block(__start_ro_after_init, __end_ro_after_init);

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
        /* per-cpu sections scanning */
        for_each_possible_cpu(i)
                scan_large_block(__per_cpu_start + per_cpu_offset(i),
                                 __per_cpu_end + per_cpu_offset(i));
#endif

        /*
         * Struct page scanning for each node.
         */
        get_online_mems();
        for_each_online_node(i) {
                unsigned long start_pfn = node_start_pfn(i);
                unsigned long end_pfn = node_end_pfn(i);
                unsigned long pfn;

                for (pfn = start_pfn; pfn < end_pfn; pfn++) {
                        struct page *page;

                        if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
                                continue;
                        page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
                        /* only scan if page is in use */
                        if (page_count(page) == 0)
                                continue;
                        scan_block(page, page + 1, NULL);
                }
        }
        put_online_mems();

        /*
         * Scanning the task stacks (may introduce false negatives).
         */
        if (kmemleak_stack_scan) {
                struct task_struct *p, *g;

                read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
                do_each_thread(g, p) {
                        void *stack = try_get_task_stack(p);
                        if (stack) {
                                scan_block(stack, stack + THREAD_SIZE, NULL);
                                put_task_stack(p);
                        }
                } while_each_thread(g, p);
                read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
        }

        /*
         * Scan the objects already referenced from the sections scanned
         * above.
         */
        scan_gray_list();

        /*
         * Check for new or unreferenced objects modified since the previous
         * scan and color them gray until the next scan.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(object, &object_list, object_list) {
                spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
                if (color_white(object) && (object->flags & OBJECT_ALLOCATED)
                    && update_checksum(object) && get_object(object)) {
                        /* color it gray temporarily */
                        object->count = object->min_count;
                        list_add_tail(&object->gray_list, &gray_list);
                }
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        /*
         * Re-scan the gray list for modified unreferenced objects.
         */
        scan_gray_list();

        /*
         * If scanning was stopped do not report any new unreferenced objects.
         */
        if (scan_should_stop())
                return;

        /*
         * Scanning result reporting.
         */
        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(object, &object_list, object_list) {
                spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
                if (unreferenced_object(object) &&
                    !(object->flags & OBJECT_REPORTED)) {
                        object->flags |= OBJECT_REPORTED;
                        new_leaks++;
                }
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        if (new_leaks) {
                kmemleak_found_leaks = true;

                pr_info("%d new suspected memory leaks (see /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak)\n",
                        new_leaks);
        }

}

/*
 * Thread function performing automatic memory scanning. Unreferenced objects
 * at the end of a memory scan are reported but only the first time.
 */
static int kmemleak_scan_thread(void *arg)
{
        static int first_run = 1;

        pr_info("Automatic memory scanning thread started\n");
        set_user_nice(current, 10);

        /*
         * Wait before the first scan to allow the system to fully initialize.
         */
        if (first_run) {
                signed long timeout = msecs_to_jiffies(SECS_FIRST_SCAN * 1000);
                first_run = 0;
                while (timeout && !kthread_should_stop())
                        timeout = schedule_timeout_interruptible(timeout);
        }

        while (!kthread_should_stop()) {
                signed long timeout = jiffies_scan_wait;

                mutex_lock(&scan_mutex);
                kmemleak_scan();
                mutex_unlock(&scan_mutex);

                /* wait before the next scan */
                while (timeout && !kthread_should_stop())
                        timeout = schedule_timeout_interruptible(timeout);
        }

        pr_info("Automatic memory scanning thread ended\n");

        return 0;
}

/*
 * Start the automatic memory scanning thread. This function must be called
 * with the scan_mutex held.
 */
static void start_scan_thread(void)
{
        if (scan_thread)
                return;
        scan_thread = kthread_run(kmemleak_scan_thread, NULL, "kmemleak");
        if (IS_ERR(scan_thread)) {
                pr_warn("Failed to create the scan thread\n");
                scan_thread = NULL;
        }
}

/*
 * Stop the automatic memory scanning thread. This function must be called
 * with the scan_mutex held.
 */
static void stop_scan_thread(void)
{
        if (scan_thread) {
                kthread_stop(scan_thread);
                scan_thread = NULL;
        }
}

/*
 * Iterate over the object_list and return the first valid object at or after
 * the required position with its use_count incremented. The function triggers
 * a memory scanning when the pos argument points to the first position.
 */
static void *kmemleak_seq_start(struct seq_file *seq, loff_t *pos)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        loff_t n = *pos;
        int err;

        err = mutex_lock_interruptible(&scan_mutex);
        if (err < 0)
                return ERR_PTR(err);

        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(object, &object_list, object_list) {
                if (n-- > 0)
                        continue;
                if (get_object(object))
                        goto out;
        }
        object = NULL;
out:
        return object;
}

/*
 * Return the next object in the object_list. The function decrements the
 * use_count of the previous object and increases that of the next one.
 */
static void *kmemleak_seq_next(struct seq_file *seq, void *v, loff_t *pos)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *prev_obj = v;
        struct kmemleak_object *next_obj = NULL;
        struct kmemleak_object *obj = prev_obj;

        ++(*pos);

        list_for_each_entry_continue_rcu(obj, &object_list, object_list) {
                if (get_object(obj)) {
                        next_obj = obj;
                        break;
                }
        }

        put_object(prev_obj);
        return next_obj;
}

/*
 * Decrement the use_count of the last object required, if any.
 */
static void kmemleak_seq_stop(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
{
        if (!IS_ERR(v)) {
                /*
                 * kmemleak_seq_start may return ERR_PTR if the scan_mutex
                 * waiting was interrupted, so only release it if !IS_ERR.
                 */
                rcu_read_unlock();
                mutex_unlock(&scan_mutex);
                if (v)
                        put_object(v);
        }
}

/*
 * Print the information for an unreferenced object to the seq file.
 */
static int kmemleak_seq_show(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object = v;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        if ((object->flags & OBJECT_REPORTED) && unreferenced_object(object))
                print_unreferenced(seq, object);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        return 0;
}

static const struct seq_operations kmemleak_seq_ops = {
        .start = kmemleak_seq_start,
        .next  = kmemleak_seq_next,
        .stop  = kmemleak_seq_stop,
        .show  = kmemleak_seq_show,
};

static int kmemleak_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        return seq_open(file, &kmemleak_seq_ops);
}

static int dump_str_object_info(const char *str)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        unsigned long addr;

        if (kstrtoul(str, 0, &addr))
                return -EINVAL;
        object = find_and_get_object(addr, 0);
        if (!object) {
                pr_info("Unknown object at 0x%08lx\n", addr);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
        dump_object_info(object);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);

        put_object(object);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * We use grey instead of black to ensure we can do future scans on the same
 * objects. If we did not do future scans these black objects could
 * potentially contain references to newly allocated objects in the future and
 * we'd end up with false positives.
 */
static void kmemleak_clear(void)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;
        unsigned long flags;

        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(object, &object_list, object_list) {
                spin_lock_irqsave(&object->lock, flags);
                if ((object->flags & OBJECT_REPORTED) &&
                    unreferenced_object(object))
                        __paint_it(object, KMEMLEAK_GREY);
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&object->lock, flags);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        kmemleak_found_leaks = false;
}

static void __kmemleak_do_cleanup(void);

/*
 * File write operation to configure kmemleak at run-time. The following
 * commands can be written to the /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak file:
 *   off        - disable kmemleak (irreversible)
 *   stack=on   - enable the task stacks scanning
 *   stack=off  - disable the tasks stacks scanning
 *   scan=on    - start the automatic memory scanning thread
 *   scan=off   - stop the automatic memory scanning thread
 *   scan=...   - set the automatic memory scanning period in seconds (0 to
 *                disable it)
 *   scan       - trigger a memory scan
 *   clear      - mark all current reported unreferenced kmemleak objects as
 *                grey to ignore printing them, or free all kmemleak objects
 *                if kmemleak has been disabled.
 *   dump=...   - dump information about the object found at the given address
 */
static ssize_t kmemleak_write(struct file *file, const char __user *user_buf,
                              size_t size, loff_t *ppos)
{
        char buf[64];
        int buf_size;
        int ret;

        buf_size = min(size, (sizeof(buf) - 1));
        if (strncpy_from_user(buf, user_buf, buf_size) < 0)
                return -EFAULT;
        buf[buf_size] = 0;

        ret = mutex_lock_interruptible(&scan_mutex);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        if (strncmp(buf, "clear", 5) == 0) {
                if (kmemleak_enabled)
                        kmemleak_clear();
                else
                        __kmemleak_do_cleanup();
                goto out;
        }

        if (!kmemleak_enabled) {
                ret = -EBUSY;
                goto out;
        }

        if (strncmp(buf, "off", 3) == 0)
                kmemleak_disable();
        else if (strncmp(buf, "stack=on", 8) == 0)
                kmemleak_stack_scan = 1;
        else if (strncmp(buf, "stack=off", 9) == 0)
                kmemleak_stack_scan = 0;
        else if (strncmp(buf, "scan=on", 7) == 0)
                start_scan_thread();
        else if (strncmp(buf, "scan=off", 8) == 0)
                stop_scan_thread();
        else if (strncmp(buf, "scan=", 5) == 0) {
                unsigned long secs;

                ret = kstrtoul(buf + 5, 0, &secs);
                if (ret < 0)
                        goto out;
                stop_scan_thread();
                if (secs) {
                        jiffies_scan_wait = msecs_to_jiffies(secs * 1000);
                        start_scan_thread();
                }
        } else if (strncmp(buf, "scan", 4) == 0)
                kmemleak_scan();
        else if (strncmp(buf, "dump=", 5) == 0)
                ret = dump_str_object_info(buf + 5);
        else
                ret = -EINVAL;

out:
        mutex_unlock(&scan_mutex);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        /* ignore the rest of the buffer, only one command at a time */
        *ppos += size;
        return size;
}

static const struct file_operations kmemleak_fops = {
        .owner          = THIS_MODULE,
        .open           = kmemleak_open,
        .read           = seq_read,
        .write          = kmemleak_write,
        .llseek         = seq_lseek,
        .release        = seq_release,
};

static void __kmemleak_do_cleanup(void)
{
        struct kmemleak_object *object;

        rcu_read_lock();
        list_for_each_entry_rcu(object, &object_list, object_list)
                delete_object_full(object->pointer);
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * Stop the memory scanning thread and free the kmemleak internal objects if
 * no previous scan thread (otherwise, kmemleak may still have some useful
 * information on memory leaks).
 */
static void kmemleak_do_cleanup(struct work_struct *work)
{
        stop_scan_thread();

        /*
         * Once the scan thread has stopped, it is safe to no longer track
         * object freeing. Ordering of the scan thread stopping and the memory
         * accesses below is guaranteed by the kthread_stop() function.
         */
        kmemleak_free_enabled = 0;

        if (!kmemleak_found_leaks)
                __kmemleak_do_cleanup();
        else
                pr_info("Kmemleak disabled without freeing internal data. Reclaim the memory with \"echo clear > /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak\".\n");
}

static DECLARE_WORK(cleanup_work, kmemleak_do_cleanup);

/*
 * Disable kmemleak. No memory allocation/freeing will be traced once this
 * function is called. Disabling kmemleak is an irreversible operation.
 */
static void kmemleak_disable(void)
{
        /* atomically check whether it was already invoked */
        if (cmpxchg(&kmemleak_error, 0, 1))
                return;

        /* stop any memory operation tracing */
        kmemleak_enabled = 0;

        /* check whether it is too early for a kernel thread */
        if (kmemleak_initialized)
                schedule_work(&cleanup_work);
        else
                kmemleak_free_enabled = 0;

        pr_info("Kernel memory leak detector disabled\n");
}

/*
 * Allow boot-time kmemleak disabling (enabled by default).
 */
static int kmemleak_boot_config(char *str)
{
        if (!str)
                return -EINVAL;
        if (strcmp(str, "off") == 0)
                kmemleak_disable();
        else if (strcmp(str, "on") == 0)
                kmemleak_skip_disable = 1;
        else
                return -EINVAL;
        return 0;
}
early_param("kmemleak", kmemleak_boot_config);

static void __init print_log_trace(struct early_log *log)
{
        struct stack_trace trace;

        trace.nr_entries = log->trace_len;
        trace.entries = log->trace;

        pr_notice("Early log backtrace:\n");
        print_stack_trace(&trace, 2);
}

/*
 * Kmemleak initialization.
 */
void __init kmemleak_init(void)
{
        int i;
        unsigned long flags;

#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF
        if (!kmemleak_skip_disable) {
                kmemleak_early_log = 0;
                kmemleak_disable();
                return;
        }
#endif

        jiffies_min_age = msecs_to_jiffies(MSECS_MIN_AGE);
        jiffies_scan_wait = msecs_to_jiffies(SECS_SCAN_WAIT * 1000);

        object_cache = KMEM_CACHE(kmemleak_object, SLAB_NOLEAKTRACE);
        scan_area_cache = KMEM_CACHE(kmemleak_scan_area, SLAB_NOLEAKTRACE);

        if (crt_early_log > ARRAY_SIZE(early_log))
                pr_warn("Early log buffer exceeded (%d), please increase DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_EARLY_LOG_SIZE\n",
                        crt_early_log);

        /* the kernel is still in UP mode, so disabling the IRQs is enough */
        local_irq_save(flags);
        kmemleak_early_log = 0;
        if (kmemleak_error) {
                local_irq_restore(flags);
                return;
        } else {
                kmemleak_enabled = 1;
                kmemleak_free_enabled = 1;
        }
        local_irq_restore(flags);

        /*
         * This is the point where tracking allocations is safe. Automatic
         * scanning is started during the late initcall. Add the early logged
         * callbacks to the kmemleak infrastructure.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < crt_early_log; i++) {
                struct early_log *log = &early_log[i];

                switch (log->op_type) {
                case KMEMLEAK_ALLOC:
                        early_alloc(log);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_ALLOC_PERCPU:
                        early_alloc_percpu(log);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_FREE:
                        kmemleak_free(log->ptr);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_FREE_PART:
                        kmemleak_free_part(log->ptr, log->size);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_FREE_PERCPU:
                        kmemleak_free_percpu(log->ptr);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_NOT_LEAK:
                        kmemleak_not_leak(log->ptr);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_IGNORE:
                        kmemleak_ignore(log->ptr);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_SCAN_AREA:
                        kmemleak_scan_area(log->ptr, log->size, GFP_KERNEL);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_NO_SCAN:
                        kmemleak_no_scan(log->ptr);
                        break;
                case KMEMLEAK_SET_EXCESS_REF:
                        object_set_excess_ref((unsigned long)log->ptr,
                                              log->excess_ref);
                        break;
                default:
                        kmemleak_warn("Unknown early log operation: %d\n",
                                      log->op_type);
                }

                if (kmemleak_warning) {
                        print_log_trace(log);
                        kmemleak_warning = 0;
                }
        }
}

/*
 * Late initialization function.
 */
static int __init kmemleak_late_init(void)
{
        struct dentry *dentry;

        kmemleak_initialized = 1;

        if (kmemleak_error) {
                /*
                 * Some error occurred and kmemleak was disabled. There is a
                 * small chance that kmemleak_disable() was called immediately
                 * after setting kmemleak_initialized and we may end up with
                 * two clean-up threads but serialized by scan_mutex.
                 */
                schedule_work(&cleanup_work);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        dentry = debugfs_create_file("kmemleak", 0644, NULL, NULL,
                                     &kmemleak_fops);
        if (!dentry)
                pr_warn("Failed to create the debugfs kmemleak file\n");
        mutex_lock(&scan_mutex);
        start_scan_thread();
        mutex_unlock(&scan_mutex);

        pr_info("Kernel memory leak detector initialized\n");

        return 0;
}
late_initcall(kmemleak_late_init);