s390/pkey: fix memory leak within _copy_apqns_from_user()

[linux-2.6-microblaze.git] / drivers / md / dm-clone-target.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2019 Arrikto, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 */

#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/bio.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/wait.h>
#include <linux/dm-io.h>
#include <linux/mutex.h>
#include <linux/atomic.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/jiffies.h>
#include <linux/mempool.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <linux/blk_types.h>
#include <linux/dm-kcopyd.h>
#include <linux/workqueue.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/device-mapper.h>

#include "dm.h"
#include "dm-clone-metadata.h"

#define DM_MSG_PREFIX "clone"

/*
 * Minimum and maximum allowed region sizes
 */
#define MIN_REGION_SIZE (1 << 3)  /* 4KB */
#define MAX_REGION_SIZE (1 << 21) /* 1GB */

#define MIN_HYDRATIONS 256 /* Size of hydration mempool */
#define DEFAULT_HYDRATION_THRESHOLD 1 /* 1 region */
#define DEFAULT_HYDRATION_BATCH_SIZE 1 /* Hydrate in batches of 1 region */

#define COMMIT_PERIOD HZ /* 1 sec */

/*
 * Hydration hash table size: 1 << HASH_TABLE_BITS
 */
#define HASH_TABLE_BITS 15

DECLARE_DM_KCOPYD_THROTTLE_WITH_MODULE_PARM(clone_hydration_throttle,
        "A percentage of time allocated for hydrating regions");

/* Slab cache for struct dm_clone_region_hydration */
static struct kmem_cache *_hydration_cache;

/* dm-clone metadata modes */
enum clone_metadata_mode {
        CM_WRITE,               /* metadata may be changed */
        CM_READ_ONLY,           /* metadata may not be changed */
        CM_FAIL,                /* all metadata I/O fails */
};

struct hash_table_bucket;

struct clone {
        struct dm_target *ti;
        struct dm_target_callbacks callbacks;

        struct dm_dev *metadata_dev;
        struct dm_dev *dest_dev;
        struct dm_dev *source_dev;

        unsigned long nr_regions;
        sector_t region_size;
        unsigned int region_shift;

        /*
         * A metadata commit and the actions taken in case it fails should run
         * as a single atomic step.
         */
        struct mutex commit_lock;

        struct dm_clone_metadata *cmd;

        /* Region hydration hash table */
        struct hash_table_bucket *ht;

        atomic_t ios_in_flight;

        wait_queue_head_t hydration_stopped;

        mempool_t hydration_pool;

        unsigned long last_commit_jiffies;

        /*
         * We defer incoming WRITE bios for regions that are not hydrated,
         * until after these regions have been hydrated.
         *
         * Also, we defer REQ_FUA and REQ_PREFLUSH bios, until after the
         * metadata have been committed.
         */
        spinlock_t lock;
        struct bio_list deferred_bios;
        struct bio_list deferred_discard_bios;
        struct bio_list deferred_flush_bios;
        struct bio_list deferred_flush_completions;

        /* Maximum number of regions being copied during background hydration. */
        unsigned int hydration_threshold;

        /* Number of regions to batch together during background hydration. */
        unsigned int hydration_batch_size;

        /* Which region to hydrate next */
        unsigned long hydration_offset;

        atomic_t hydrations_in_flight;

        /*
         * Save a copy of the table line rather than reconstructing it for the
         * status.
         */
        unsigned int nr_ctr_args;
        const char **ctr_args;

        struct workqueue_struct *wq;
        struct work_struct worker;
        struct delayed_work waker;

        struct dm_kcopyd_client *kcopyd_client;

        enum clone_metadata_mode mode;
        unsigned long flags;
};

/*
 * dm-clone flags
 */
#define DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN 0
#define DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED 1
#define DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_SUSPENDED 2

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Metadata failure handling.
 */
static enum clone_metadata_mode get_clone_mode(struct clone *clone)
{
        return READ_ONCE(clone->mode);
}

static const char *clone_device_name(struct clone *clone)
{
        return dm_table_device_name(clone->ti->table);
}

static void __set_clone_mode(struct clone *clone, enum clone_metadata_mode new_mode)
{
        const char *descs[] = {
                "read-write",
                "read-only",
                "fail"
        };

        enum clone_metadata_mode old_mode = get_clone_mode(clone);

        /* Never move out of fail mode */
        if (old_mode == CM_FAIL)
                new_mode = CM_FAIL;

        switch (new_mode) {
        case CM_FAIL:
        case CM_READ_ONLY:
                dm_clone_metadata_set_read_only(clone->cmd);
                break;

        case CM_WRITE:
                dm_clone_metadata_set_read_write(clone->cmd);
                break;
        }

        WRITE_ONCE(clone->mode, new_mode);

        if (new_mode != old_mode) {
                dm_table_event(clone->ti->table);
                DMINFO("%s: Switching to %s mode", clone_device_name(clone),
                       descs[(int)new_mode]);
        }
}

static void __abort_transaction(struct clone *clone)
{
        const char *dev_name = clone_device_name(clone);

        if (get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY)
                return;

        DMERR("%s: Aborting current metadata transaction", dev_name);
        if (dm_clone_metadata_abort(clone->cmd)) {
                DMERR("%s: Failed to abort metadata transaction", dev_name);
                __set_clone_mode(clone, CM_FAIL);
        }
}

static void __reload_in_core_bitset(struct clone *clone)
{
        const char *dev_name = clone_device_name(clone);

        if (get_clone_mode(clone) == CM_FAIL)
                return;

        /* Reload the on-disk bitset */
        DMINFO("%s: Reloading on-disk bitmap", dev_name);
        if (dm_clone_reload_in_core_bitset(clone->cmd)) {
                DMERR("%s: Failed to reload on-disk bitmap", dev_name);
                __set_clone_mode(clone, CM_FAIL);
        }
}

static void __metadata_operation_failed(struct clone *clone, const char *op, int r)
{
        DMERR("%s: Metadata operation `%s' failed: error = %d",
              clone_device_name(clone), op, r);

        __abort_transaction(clone);
        __set_clone_mode(clone, CM_READ_ONLY);

        /*
         * dm_clone_reload_in_core_bitset() may run concurrently with either
         * dm_clone_set_region_hydrated() or dm_clone_cond_set_range(), but
         * it's safe as we have already set the metadata to read-only mode.
         */
        __reload_in_core_bitset(clone);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Wake up anyone waiting for region hydrations to stop */
static inline void wakeup_hydration_waiters(struct clone *clone)
{
        wake_up_all(&clone->hydration_stopped);
}

static inline void wake_worker(struct clone *clone)
{
        queue_work(clone->wq, &clone->worker);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * bio helper functions.
 */
static inline void remap_to_source(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        bio_set_dev(bio, clone->source_dev->bdev);
}

static inline void remap_to_dest(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        bio_set_dev(bio, clone->dest_dev->bdev);
}

static bool bio_triggers_commit(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        return op_is_flush(bio->bi_opf) &&
                dm_clone_changed_this_transaction(clone->cmd);
}

/* Get the address of the region in sectors */
static inline sector_t region_to_sector(struct clone *clone, unsigned long region_nr)
{
        return (region_nr << clone->region_shift);
}

/* Get the region number of the bio */
static inline unsigned long bio_to_region(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        return (bio->bi_iter.bi_sector >> clone->region_shift);
}

/* Get the region range covered by the bio */
static void bio_region_range(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio,
                             unsigned long *rs, unsigned long *re)
{
        *rs = dm_sector_div_up(bio->bi_iter.bi_sector, clone->region_size);
        *re = bio_end_sector(bio) >> clone->region_shift;
}

/* Check whether a bio overwrites a region */
static inline bool is_overwrite_bio(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        return (bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE && bio_sectors(bio) == clone->region_size);
}

static void fail_bios(struct bio_list *bios, blk_status_t status)
{
        struct bio *bio;

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(bios))) {
                bio->bi_status = status;
                bio_endio(bio);
        }
}

static void submit_bios(struct bio_list *bios)
{
        struct bio *bio;
        struct blk_plug plug;

        blk_start_plug(&plug);

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(bios)))
                generic_make_request(bio);

        blk_finish_plug(&plug);
}

/*
 * Submit bio to the underlying device.
 *
 * If the bio triggers a commit, delay it, until after the metadata have been
 * committed.
 *
 * NOTE: The bio remapping must be performed by the caller.
 */
static void issue_bio(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        if (!bio_triggers_commit(clone, bio)) {
                generic_make_request(bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * If the metadata mode is RO or FAIL we won't be able to commit the
         * metadata, so we complete the bio with an error.
         */
        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY)) {
                bio_io_error(bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Batch together any bios that trigger commits and then issue a single
         * commit for them in process_deferred_flush_bios().
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&clone->lock, flags);
        bio_list_add(&clone->deferred_flush_bios, bio);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&clone->lock, flags);

        wake_worker(clone);
}

/*
 * Remap bio to the destination device and submit it.
 *
 * If the bio triggers a commit, delay it, until after the metadata have been
 * committed.
 */
static void remap_and_issue(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        remap_to_dest(clone, bio);
        issue_bio(clone, bio);
}

/*
 * Issue bios that have been deferred until after their region has finished
 * hydrating.
 *
 * We delegate the bio submission to the worker thread, so this is safe to call
 * from interrupt context.
 */
static void issue_deferred_bios(struct clone *clone, struct bio_list *bios)
{
        struct bio *bio;
        unsigned long flags;
        struct bio_list flush_bios = BIO_EMPTY_LIST;
        struct bio_list normal_bios = BIO_EMPTY_LIST;

        if (bio_list_empty(bios))
                return;

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(bios))) {
                if (bio_triggers_commit(clone, bio))
                        bio_list_add(&flush_bios, bio);
                else
                        bio_list_add(&normal_bios, bio);
        }

        spin_lock_irqsave(&clone->lock, flags);
        bio_list_merge(&clone->deferred_bios, &normal_bios);
        bio_list_merge(&clone->deferred_flush_bios, &flush_bios);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&clone->lock, flags);

        wake_worker(clone);
}

static void complete_overwrite_bio(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        /*
         * If the bio has the REQ_FUA flag set we must commit the metadata
         * before signaling its completion.
         *
         * complete_overwrite_bio() is only called by hydration_complete(),
         * after having successfully updated the metadata. This means we don't
         * need to call dm_clone_changed_this_transaction() to check if the
         * metadata has changed and thus we can avoid taking the metadata spin
         * lock.
         */
        if (!(bio->bi_opf & REQ_FUA)) {
                bio_endio(bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * If the metadata mode is RO or FAIL we won't be able to commit the
         * metadata, so we complete the bio with an error.
         */
        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY)) {
                bio_io_error(bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Batch together any bios that trigger commits and then issue a single
         * commit for them in process_deferred_flush_bios().
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&clone->lock, flags);
        bio_list_add(&clone->deferred_flush_completions, bio);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&clone->lock, flags);

        wake_worker(clone);
}

static void trim_bio(struct bio *bio, sector_t sector, unsigned int len)
{
        bio->bi_iter.bi_sector = sector;
        bio->bi_iter.bi_size = to_bytes(len);
}

static void complete_discard_bio(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio, bool success)
{
        unsigned long rs, re;

        /*
         * If the destination device supports discards, remap and trim the
         * discard bio and pass it down. Otherwise complete the bio
         * immediately.
         */
        if (test_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags) && success) {
                remap_to_dest(clone, bio);
                bio_region_range(clone, bio, &rs, &re);
                trim_bio(bio, rs << clone->region_shift,
                         (re - rs) << clone->region_shift);
                generic_make_request(bio);
        } else
                bio_endio(bio);
}

static void process_discard_bio(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        unsigned long rs, re, flags;

        bio_region_range(clone, bio, &rs, &re);
        BUG_ON(re > clone->nr_regions);

        if (unlikely(rs == re)) {
                bio_endio(bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * The covered regions are already hydrated so we just need to pass
         * down the discard.
         */
        if (dm_clone_is_range_hydrated(clone->cmd, rs, re - rs)) {
                complete_discard_bio(clone, bio, true);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * If the metadata mode is RO or FAIL we won't be able to update the
         * metadata for the regions covered by the discard so we just ignore
         * it.
         */
        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY)) {
                bio_endio(bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Defer discard processing.
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&clone->lock, flags);
        bio_list_add(&clone->deferred_discard_bios, bio);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&clone->lock, flags);

        wake_worker(clone);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * dm-clone region hydrations.
 */
struct dm_clone_region_hydration {
        struct clone *clone;
        unsigned long region_nr;

        struct bio *overwrite_bio;
        bio_end_io_t *overwrite_bio_end_io;

        struct bio_list deferred_bios;

        blk_status_t status;

        /* Used by hydration batching */
        struct list_head list;

        /* Used by hydration hash table */
        struct hlist_node h;
};

/*
 * Hydration hash table implementation.
 *
 * Ideally we would like to use list_bl, which uses bit spin locks and employs
 * the least significant bit of the list head to lock the corresponding bucket,
 * reducing the memory overhead for the locks. But, currently, list_bl and bit
 * spin locks don't support IRQ safe versions. Since we have to take the lock
 * in both process and interrupt context, we must fall back to using regular
 * spin locks; one per hash table bucket.
 */
struct hash_table_bucket {
        struct hlist_head head;

        /* Spinlock protecting the bucket */
        spinlock_t lock;
};

#define bucket_lock_irqsave(bucket, flags) \
        spin_lock_irqsave(&(bucket)->lock, flags)

#define bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags) \
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&(bucket)->lock, flags)

static int hash_table_init(struct clone *clone)
{
        unsigned int i, sz;
        struct hash_table_bucket *bucket;

        sz = 1 << HASH_TABLE_BITS;

        clone->ht = kvmalloc(sz * sizeof(struct hash_table_bucket), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!clone->ht)
                return -ENOMEM;

        for (i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
                bucket = clone->ht + i;

                INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&bucket->head);
                spin_lock_init(&bucket->lock);
        }

        return 0;
}

static void hash_table_exit(struct clone *clone)
{
        kvfree(clone->ht);
}

static struct hash_table_bucket *get_hash_table_bucket(struct clone *clone,
                                                       unsigned long region_nr)
{
        return &clone->ht[hash_long(region_nr, HASH_TABLE_BITS)];
}

/*
 * Search hash table for a hydration with hd->region_nr == region_nr
 *
 * NOTE: Must be called with the bucket lock held
 */
struct dm_clone_region_hydration *__hash_find(struct hash_table_bucket *bucket,
                                              unsigned long region_nr)
{
        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd;

        hlist_for_each_entry(hd, &bucket->head, h) {
                if (hd->region_nr == region_nr)
                        return hd;
        }

        return NULL;
}

/*
 * Insert a hydration into the hash table.
 *
 * NOTE: Must be called with the bucket lock held.
 */
static inline void __insert_region_hydration(struct hash_table_bucket *bucket,
                                             struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd)
{
        hlist_add_head(&hd->h, &bucket->head);
}

/*
 * This function inserts a hydration into the hash table, unless someone else
 * managed to insert a hydration for the same region first. In the latter case
 * it returns the existing hydration descriptor for this region.
 *
 * NOTE: Must be called with the hydration hash table lock held.
 */
static struct dm_clone_region_hydration *
__find_or_insert_region_hydration(struct hash_table_bucket *bucket,
                                  struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd)
{
        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd2;

        hd2 = __hash_find(bucket, hd->region_nr);
        if (hd2)
                return hd2;

        __insert_region_hydration(bucket, hd);

        return hd;
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Allocate a hydration */
static struct dm_clone_region_hydration *alloc_hydration(struct clone *clone)
{
        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd;

        /*
         * Allocate a hydration from the hydration mempool.
         * This might block but it can't fail.
         */
        hd = mempool_alloc(&clone->hydration_pool, GFP_NOIO);
        hd->clone = clone;

        return hd;
}

static inline void free_hydration(struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd)
{
        mempool_free(hd, &hd->clone->hydration_pool);
}

/* Initialize a hydration */
static void hydration_init(struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd, unsigned long region_nr)
{
        hd->region_nr = region_nr;
        hd->overwrite_bio = NULL;
        bio_list_init(&hd->deferred_bios);
        hd->status = 0;

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&hd->list);
        INIT_HLIST_NODE(&hd->h);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Update dm-clone's metadata after a region has finished hydrating and remove
 * hydration from the hash table.
 */
static int hydration_update_metadata(struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd)
{
        int r = 0;
        unsigned long flags;
        struct hash_table_bucket *bucket;
        struct clone *clone = hd->clone;

        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY))
                r = -EPERM;

        /* Update the metadata */
        if (likely(!r) && hd->status == BLK_STS_OK)
                r = dm_clone_set_region_hydrated(clone->cmd, hd->region_nr);

        bucket = get_hash_table_bucket(clone, hd->region_nr);

        /* Remove hydration from hash table */
        bucket_lock_irqsave(bucket, flags);
        hlist_del(&hd->h);
        bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);

        return r;
}

/*
 * Complete a region's hydration:
 *
 *      1. Update dm-clone's metadata.
 *      2. Remove hydration from hash table.
 *      3. Complete overwrite bio.
 *      4. Issue deferred bios.
 *      5. If this was the last hydration, wake up anyone waiting for
 *         hydrations to finish.
 */
static void hydration_complete(struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd)
{
        int r;
        blk_status_t status;
        struct clone *clone = hd->clone;

        r = hydration_update_metadata(hd);

        if (hd->status == BLK_STS_OK && likely(!r)) {
                if (hd->overwrite_bio)
                        complete_overwrite_bio(clone, hd->overwrite_bio);

                issue_deferred_bios(clone, &hd->deferred_bios);
        } else {
                status = r ? BLK_STS_IOERR : hd->status;

                if (hd->overwrite_bio)
                        bio_list_add(&hd->deferred_bios, hd->overwrite_bio);

                fail_bios(&hd->deferred_bios, status);
        }

        free_hydration(hd);

        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&clone->hydrations_in_flight))
                wakeup_hydration_waiters(clone);
}

static void hydration_kcopyd_callback(int read_err, unsigned long write_err, void *context)
{
        blk_status_t status;

        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *tmp, *hd = context;
        struct clone *clone = hd->clone;

        LIST_HEAD(batched_hydrations);

        if (read_err || write_err) {
                DMERR_LIMIT("%s: hydration failed", clone_device_name(clone));
                status = BLK_STS_IOERR;
        } else {
                status = BLK_STS_OK;
        }
        list_splice_tail(&hd->list, &batched_hydrations);

        hd->status = status;
        hydration_complete(hd);

        /* Complete batched hydrations */
        list_for_each_entry_safe(hd, tmp, &batched_hydrations, list) {
                hd->status = status;
                hydration_complete(hd);
        }

        /* Continue background hydration, if there is no I/O in-flight */
        if (test_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags) &&
            !atomic_read(&clone->ios_in_flight))
                wake_worker(clone);
}

static void hydration_copy(struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd, unsigned int nr_regions)
{
        unsigned long region_start, region_end;
        sector_t tail_size, region_size, total_size;
        struct dm_io_region from, to;
        struct clone *clone = hd->clone;

        region_size = clone->region_size;
        region_start = hd->region_nr;
        region_end = region_start + nr_regions - 1;

        total_size = (nr_regions - 1) << clone->region_shift;

        if (region_end == clone->nr_regions - 1) {
                /*
                 * The last region of the target might be smaller than
                 * region_size.
                 */
                tail_size = clone->ti->len & (region_size - 1);
                if (!tail_size)
                        tail_size = region_size;
        } else {
                tail_size = region_size;
        }

        total_size += tail_size;

        from.bdev = clone->source_dev->bdev;
        from.sector = region_to_sector(clone, region_start);
        from.count = total_size;

        to.bdev = clone->dest_dev->bdev;
        to.sector = from.sector;
        to.count = from.count;

        /* Issue copy */
        atomic_add(nr_regions, &clone->hydrations_in_flight);
        dm_kcopyd_copy(clone->kcopyd_client, &from, 1, &to, 0,
                       hydration_kcopyd_callback, hd);
}

static void overwrite_endio(struct bio *bio)
{
        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd = bio->bi_private;

        bio->bi_end_io = hd->overwrite_bio_end_io;
        hd->status = bio->bi_status;

        hydration_complete(hd);
}

static void hydration_overwrite(struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd, struct bio *bio)
{
        /*
         * We don't need to save and restore bio->bi_private because device
         * mapper core generates a new bio for us to use, with clean
         * bi_private.
         */
        hd->overwrite_bio = bio;
        hd->overwrite_bio_end_io = bio->bi_end_io;

        bio->bi_end_io = overwrite_endio;
        bio->bi_private = hd;

        atomic_inc(&hd->clone->hydrations_in_flight);
        generic_make_request(bio);
}

/*
 * Hydrate bio's region.
 *
 * This function starts the hydration of the bio's region and puts the bio in
 * the list of deferred bios for this region. In case, by the time this
 * function is called, the region has finished hydrating it's submitted to the
 * destination device.
 *
 * NOTE: The bio remapping must be performed by the caller.
 */
static void hydrate_bio_region(struct clone *clone, struct bio *bio)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        unsigned long region_nr;
        struct hash_table_bucket *bucket;
        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd, *hd2;

        region_nr = bio_to_region(clone, bio);
        bucket = get_hash_table_bucket(clone, region_nr);

        bucket_lock_irqsave(bucket, flags);

        hd = __hash_find(bucket, region_nr);
        if (hd) {
                /* Someone else is hydrating the region */
                bio_list_add(&hd->deferred_bios, bio);
                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);
                return;
        }

        if (dm_clone_is_region_hydrated(clone->cmd, region_nr)) {
                /* The region has been hydrated */
                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);
                issue_bio(clone, bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * We must allocate a hydration descriptor and start the hydration of
         * the corresponding region.
         */
        bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);

        hd = alloc_hydration(clone);
        hydration_init(hd, region_nr);

        bucket_lock_irqsave(bucket, flags);

        /* Check if the region has been hydrated in the meantime. */
        if (dm_clone_is_region_hydrated(clone->cmd, region_nr)) {
                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);
                free_hydration(hd);
                issue_bio(clone, bio);
                return;
        }

        hd2 = __find_or_insert_region_hydration(bucket, hd);
        if (hd2 != hd) {
                /* Someone else started the region's hydration. */
                bio_list_add(&hd2->deferred_bios, bio);
                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);
                free_hydration(hd);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * If the metadata mode is RO or FAIL then there is no point starting a
         * hydration, since we will not be able to update the metadata when the
         * hydration finishes.
         */
        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY)) {
                hlist_del(&hd->h);
                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);
                free_hydration(hd);
                bio_io_error(bio);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * Start region hydration.
         *
         * If a bio overwrites a region, i.e., its size is equal to the
         * region's size, then we don't need to copy the region from the source
         * to the destination device.
         */
        if (is_overwrite_bio(clone, bio)) {
                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);
                hydration_overwrite(hd, bio);
        } else {
                bio_list_add(&hd->deferred_bios, bio);
                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);
                hydration_copy(hd, 1);
        }
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Background hydrations.
 */

/*
 * Batch region hydrations.
 *
 * To better utilize device bandwidth we batch together the hydration of
 * adjacent regions. This allows us to use small region sizes, e.g., 4KB, which
 * is good for small, random write performance (because of the overwriting of
 * un-hydrated regions) and at the same time issue big copy requests to kcopyd
 * to achieve high hydration bandwidth.
 */
struct batch_info {
        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *head;
        unsigned int nr_batched_regions;
};

static void __batch_hydration(struct batch_info *batch,
                              struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd)
{
        struct clone *clone = hd->clone;
        unsigned int max_batch_size = READ_ONCE(clone->hydration_batch_size);

        if (batch->head) {
                /* Try to extend the current batch */
                if (batch->nr_batched_regions < max_batch_size &&
                    (batch->head->region_nr + batch->nr_batched_regions) == hd->region_nr) {
                        list_add_tail(&hd->list, &batch->head->list);
                        batch->nr_batched_regions++;
                        hd = NULL;
                }

                /* Check if we should issue the current batch */
                if (batch->nr_batched_regions >= max_batch_size || hd) {
                        hydration_copy(batch->head, batch->nr_batched_regions);
                        batch->head = NULL;
                        batch->nr_batched_regions = 0;
                }
        }

        if (!hd)
                return;

        /* We treat max batch sizes of zero and one equivalently */
        if (max_batch_size <= 1) {
                hydration_copy(hd, 1);
                return;
        }

        /* Start a new batch */
        BUG_ON(!list_empty(&hd->list));
        batch->head = hd;
        batch->nr_batched_regions = 1;
}

static unsigned long __start_next_hydration(struct clone *clone,
                                            unsigned long offset,
                                            struct batch_info *batch)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct hash_table_bucket *bucket;
        struct dm_clone_region_hydration *hd;
        unsigned long nr_regions = clone->nr_regions;

        hd = alloc_hydration(clone);

        /* Try to find a region to hydrate. */
        do {
                offset = dm_clone_find_next_unhydrated_region(clone->cmd, offset);
                if (offset == nr_regions)
                        break;

                bucket = get_hash_table_bucket(clone, offset);
                bucket_lock_irqsave(bucket, flags);

                if (!dm_clone_is_region_hydrated(clone->cmd, offset) &&
                    !__hash_find(bucket, offset)) {
                        hydration_init(hd, offset);
                        __insert_region_hydration(bucket, hd);
                        bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);

                        /* Batch hydration */
                        __batch_hydration(batch, hd);

                        return (offset + 1);
                }

                bucket_unlock_irqrestore(bucket, flags);

        } while (++offset < nr_regions);

        if (hd)
                free_hydration(hd);

        return offset;
}

/*
 * This function searches for regions that still reside in the source device
 * and starts their hydration.
 */
static void do_hydration(struct clone *clone)
{
        unsigned int current_volume;
        unsigned long offset, nr_regions = clone->nr_regions;

        struct batch_info batch = {
                .head = NULL,
                .nr_batched_regions = 0,
        };

        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY))
                return;

        if (dm_clone_is_hydration_done(clone->cmd))
                return;

        /*
         * Avoid race with device suspension.
         */
        atomic_inc(&clone->hydrations_in_flight);

        /*
         * Make sure atomic_inc() is ordered before test_bit(), otherwise we
         * might race with clone_postsuspend() and start a region hydration
         * after the target has been suspended.
         *
         * This is paired with the smp_mb__after_atomic() in
         * clone_postsuspend().
         */
        smp_mb__after_atomic();

        offset = clone->hydration_offset;
        while (likely(!test_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_SUSPENDED, &clone->flags)) &&
               !atomic_read(&clone->ios_in_flight) &&
               test_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags) &&
               offset < nr_regions) {
                current_volume = atomic_read(&clone->hydrations_in_flight);
                current_volume += batch.nr_batched_regions;

                if (current_volume > READ_ONCE(clone->hydration_threshold))
                        break;

                offset = __start_next_hydration(clone, offset, &batch);
        }

        if (batch.head)
                hydration_copy(batch.head, batch.nr_batched_regions);

        if (offset >= nr_regions)
                offset = 0;

        clone->hydration_offset = offset;

        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&clone->hydrations_in_flight))
                wakeup_hydration_waiters(clone);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static bool need_commit_due_to_time(struct clone *clone)
{
        return !time_in_range(jiffies, clone->last_commit_jiffies,
                              clone->last_commit_jiffies + COMMIT_PERIOD);
}

/*
 * A non-zero return indicates read-only or fail mode.
 */
static int commit_metadata(struct clone *clone)
{
        int r = 0;

        mutex_lock(&clone->commit_lock);

        if (!dm_clone_changed_this_transaction(clone->cmd))
                goto out;

        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY)) {
                r = -EPERM;
                goto out;
        }

        r = dm_clone_metadata_commit(clone->cmd);

        if (unlikely(r)) {
                __metadata_operation_failed(clone, "dm_clone_metadata_commit", r);
                goto out;
        }

        if (dm_clone_is_hydration_done(clone->cmd))
                dm_table_event(clone->ti->table);
out:
        mutex_unlock(&clone->commit_lock);

        return r;
}

static void process_deferred_discards(struct clone *clone)
{
        int r = -EPERM;
        struct bio *bio;
        struct blk_plug plug;
        unsigned long rs, re, flags;
        struct bio_list discards = BIO_EMPTY_LIST;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&clone->lock, flags);
        bio_list_merge(&discards, &clone->deferred_discard_bios);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_discard_bios);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&clone->lock, flags);

        if (bio_list_empty(&discards))
                return;

        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) >= CM_READ_ONLY))
                goto out;

        /* Update the metadata */
        bio_list_for_each(bio, &discards) {
                bio_region_range(clone, bio, &rs, &re);
                /*
                 * A discard request might cover regions that have been already
                 * hydrated. There is no need to update the metadata for these
                 * regions.
                 */
                r = dm_clone_cond_set_range(clone->cmd, rs, re - rs);

                if (unlikely(r))
                        break;
        }
out:
        blk_start_plug(&plug);
        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&discards)))
                complete_discard_bio(clone, bio, r == 0);
        blk_finish_plug(&plug);
}

static void process_deferred_bios(struct clone *clone)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        struct bio_list bios = BIO_EMPTY_LIST;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&clone->lock, flags);
        bio_list_merge(&bios, &clone->deferred_bios);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_bios);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&clone->lock, flags);

        if (bio_list_empty(&bios))
                return;

        submit_bios(&bios);
}

static void process_deferred_flush_bios(struct clone *clone)
{
        struct bio *bio;
        unsigned long flags;
        struct bio_list bios = BIO_EMPTY_LIST;
        struct bio_list bio_completions = BIO_EMPTY_LIST;

        /*
         * If there are any deferred flush bios, we must commit the metadata
         * before issuing them or signaling their completion.
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&clone->lock, flags);
        bio_list_merge(&bios, &clone->deferred_flush_bios);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_flush_bios);

        bio_list_merge(&bio_completions, &clone->deferred_flush_completions);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_flush_completions);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&clone->lock, flags);

        if (bio_list_empty(&bios) && bio_list_empty(&bio_completions) &&
            !(dm_clone_changed_this_transaction(clone->cmd) && need_commit_due_to_time(clone)))
                return;

        if (commit_metadata(clone)) {
                bio_list_merge(&bios, &bio_completions);

                while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&bios)))
                        bio_io_error(bio);

                return;
        }

        clone->last_commit_jiffies = jiffies;

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&bio_completions)))
                bio_endio(bio);

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&bios)))
                generic_make_request(bio);
}

static void do_worker(struct work_struct *work)
{
        struct clone *clone = container_of(work, typeof(*clone), worker);

        process_deferred_bios(clone);
        process_deferred_discards(clone);

        /*
         * process_deferred_flush_bios():
         *
         *   - Commit metadata
         *
         *   - Process deferred REQ_FUA completions
         *
         *   - Process deferred REQ_PREFLUSH bios
         */
        process_deferred_flush_bios(clone);

        /* Background hydration */
        do_hydration(clone);
}

/*
 * Commit periodically so that not too much unwritten data builds up.
 *
 * Also, restart background hydration, if it has been stopped by in-flight I/O.
 */
static void do_waker(struct work_struct *work)
{
        struct clone *clone = container_of(to_delayed_work(work), struct clone, waker);

        wake_worker(clone);
        queue_delayed_work(clone->wq, &clone->waker, COMMIT_PERIOD);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Target methods
 */
static int clone_map(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio)
{
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;
        unsigned long region_nr;

        atomic_inc(&clone->ios_in_flight);

        if (unlikely(get_clone_mode(clone) == CM_FAIL))
                return DM_MAPIO_KILL;

        /*
         * REQ_PREFLUSH bios carry no data:
         *
         * - Commit metadata, if changed
         *
         * - Pass down to destination device
         */
        if (bio->bi_opf & REQ_PREFLUSH) {
                remap_and_issue(clone, bio);
                return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
        }

        bio->bi_iter.bi_sector = dm_target_offset(ti, bio->bi_iter.bi_sector);

        /*
         * dm-clone interprets discards and performs a fast hydration of the
         * discarded regions, i.e., we skip the copy from the source device and
         * just mark the regions as hydrated.
         */
        if (bio_op(bio) == REQ_OP_DISCARD) {
                process_discard_bio(clone, bio);
                return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
        }

        /*
         * If the bio's region is hydrated, redirect it to the destination
         * device.
         *
         * If the region is not hydrated and the bio is a READ, redirect it to
         * the source device.
         *
         * Else, defer WRITE bio until after its region has been hydrated and
         * start the region's hydration immediately.
         */
        region_nr = bio_to_region(clone, bio);
        if (dm_clone_is_region_hydrated(clone->cmd, region_nr)) {
                remap_and_issue(clone, bio);
                return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
        } else if (bio_data_dir(bio) == READ) {
                remap_to_source(clone, bio);
                return DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
        }

        remap_to_dest(clone, bio);
        hydrate_bio_region(clone, bio);

        return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
}

static int clone_endio(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio, blk_status_t *error)
{
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;

        atomic_dec(&clone->ios_in_flight);

        return DM_ENDIO_DONE;
}

static void emit_flags(struct clone *clone, char *result, unsigned int maxlen,
                       ssize_t *sz_ptr)
{
        ssize_t sz = *sz_ptr;
        unsigned int count;

        count = !test_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags);
        count += !test_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags);

        DMEMIT("%u ", count);

        if (!test_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags))
                DMEMIT("no_hydration ");

        if (!test_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags))
                DMEMIT("no_discard_passdown ");

        *sz_ptr = sz;
}

static void emit_core_args(struct clone *clone, char *result,
                           unsigned int maxlen, ssize_t *sz_ptr)
{
        ssize_t sz = *sz_ptr;
        unsigned int count = 4;

        DMEMIT("%u hydration_threshold %u hydration_batch_size %u ", count,
               READ_ONCE(clone->hydration_threshold),
               READ_ONCE(clone->hydration_batch_size));

        *sz_ptr = sz;
}

/*
 * Status format:
 *
 * <metadata block size> <#used metadata blocks>/<#total metadata blocks>
 * <clone region size> <#hydrated regions>/<#total regions> <#hydrating regions>
 * <#features> <features>* <#core args> <core args>* <clone metadata mode>
 */
static void clone_status(struct dm_target *ti, status_type_t type,
                         unsigned int status_flags, char *result,
                         unsigned int maxlen)
{
        int r;
        unsigned int i;
        ssize_t sz = 0;
        dm_block_t nr_free_metadata_blocks = 0;
        dm_block_t nr_metadata_blocks = 0;
        char buf[BDEVNAME_SIZE];
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;

        switch (type) {
        case STATUSTYPE_INFO:
                if (get_clone_mode(clone) == CM_FAIL) {
                        DMEMIT("Fail");
                        break;
                }

                /* Commit to ensure statistics aren't out-of-date */
                if (!(status_flags & DM_STATUS_NOFLUSH_FLAG) && !dm_suspended(ti))
                        (void) commit_metadata(clone);

                r = dm_clone_get_free_metadata_block_count(clone->cmd, &nr_free_metadata_blocks);

                if (r) {
                        DMERR("%s: dm_clone_get_free_metadata_block_count returned %d",
                              clone_device_name(clone), r);
                        goto error;
                }

                r = dm_clone_get_metadata_dev_size(clone->cmd, &nr_metadata_blocks);

                if (r) {
                        DMERR("%s: dm_clone_get_metadata_dev_size returned %d",
                              clone_device_name(clone), r);
                        goto error;
                }

                DMEMIT("%u %llu/%llu %llu %lu/%lu %u ",
                       DM_CLONE_METADATA_BLOCK_SIZE,
                       (unsigned long long)(nr_metadata_blocks - nr_free_metadata_blocks),
                       (unsigned long long)nr_metadata_blocks,
                       (unsigned long long)clone->region_size,
                       dm_clone_nr_of_hydrated_regions(clone->cmd),
                       clone->nr_regions,
                       atomic_read(&clone->hydrations_in_flight));

                emit_flags(clone, result, maxlen, &sz);
                emit_core_args(clone, result, maxlen, &sz);

                switch (get_clone_mode(clone)) {
                case CM_WRITE:
                        DMEMIT("rw");
                        break;
                case CM_READ_ONLY:
                        DMEMIT("ro");
                        break;
                case CM_FAIL:
                        DMEMIT("Fail");
                }

                break;

        case STATUSTYPE_TABLE:
                format_dev_t(buf, clone->metadata_dev->bdev->bd_dev);
                DMEMIT("%s ", buf);

                format_dev_t(buf, clone->dest_dev->bdev->bd_dev);
                DMEMIT("%s ", buf);

                format_dev_t(buf, clone->source_dev->bdev->bd_dev);
                DMEMIT("%s", buf);

                for (i = 0; i < clone->nr_ctr_args; i++)
                        DMEMIT(" %s", clone->ctr_args[i]);
        }

        return;

error:
        DMEMIT("Error");
}

static int clone_is_congested(struct dm_target_callbacks *cb, int bdi_bits)
{
        struct request_queue *dest_q, *source_q;
        struct clone *clone = container_of(cb, struct clone, callbacks);

        source_q = bdev_get_queue(clone->source_dev->bdev);
        dest_q = bdev_get_queue(clone->dest_dev->bdev);

        return (bdi_congested(dest_q->backing_dev_info, bdi_bits) |
                bdi_congested(source_q->backing_dev_info, bdi_bits));
}

static sector_t get_dev_size(struct dm_dev *dev)
{
        return i_size_read(dev->bdev->bd_inode) >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Construct a clone device mapping:
 *
 * clone <metadata dev> <destination dev> <source dev> <region size>
 *      [<#feature args> [<feature arg>]* [<#core args> [key value]*]]
 *
 * metadata dev: Fast device holding the persistent metadata
 * destination dev: The destination device, which will become a clone of the
 *                  source device
 * source dev: The read-only source device that gets cloned
 * region size: dm-clone unit size in sectors
 *
 * #feature args: Number of feature arguments passed
 * feature args: E.g. no_hydration, no_discard_passdown
 *
 * #core arguments: An even number of core arguments
 * core arguments: Key/value pairs for tuning the core
 *                 E.g. 'hydration_threshold 256'
 */
static int parse_feature_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct clone *clone)
{
        int r;
        unsigned int argc;
        const char *arg_name;
        struct dm_target *ti = clone->ti;

        const struct dm_arg args = {
                .min = 0,
                .max = 2,
                .error = "Invalid number of feature arguments"
        };

        /* No feature arguments supplied */
        if (!as->argc)
                return 0;

        r = dm_read_arg_group(&args, as, &argc, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        while (argc) {
                arg_name = dm_shift_arg(as);
                argc--;

                if (!strcasecmp(arg_name, "no_hydration")) {
                        __clear_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags);
                } else if (!strcasecmp(arg_name, "no_discard_passdown")) {
                        __clear_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags);
                } else {
                        ti->error = "Invalid feature argument";
                        return -EINVAL;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static int parse_core_args(struct dm_arg_set *as, struct clone *clone)
{
        int r;
        unsigned int argc;
        unsigned int value;
        const char *arg_name;
        struct dm_target *ti = clone->ti;

        const struct dm_arg args = {
                .min = 0,
                .max = 4,
                .error = "Invalid number of core arguments"
        };

        /* Initialize core arguments */
        clone->hydration_batch_size = DEFAULT_HYDRATION_BATCH_SIZE;
        clone->hydration_threshold = DEFAULT_HYDRATION_THRESHOLD;

        /* No core arguments supplied */
        if (!as->argc)
                return 0;

        r = dm_read_arg_group(&args, as, &argc, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        if (argc & 1) {
                ti->error = "Number of core arguments must be even";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        while (argc) {
                arg_name = dm_shift_arg(as);
                argc -= 2;

                if (!strcasecmp(arg_name, "hydration_threshold")) {
                        if (kstrtouint(dm_shift_arg(as), 10, &value)) {
                                ti->error = "Invalid value for argument `hydration_threshold'";
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        clone->hydration_threshold = value;
                } else if (!strcasecmp(arg_name, "hydration_batch_size")) {
                        if (kstrtouint(dm_shift_arg(as), 10, &value)) {
                                ti->error = "Invalid value for argument `hydration_batch_size'";
                                return -EINVAL;
                        }
                        clone->hydration_batch_size = value;
                } else {
                        ti->error = "Invalid core argument";
                        return -EINVAL;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static int parse_region_size(struct clone *clone, struct dm_arg_set *as, char **error)
{
        int r;
        unsigned int region_size;
        struct dm_arg arg;

        arg.min = MIN_REGION_SIZE;
        arg.max = MAX_REGION_SIZE;
        arg.error = "Invalid region size";

        r = dm_read_arg(&arg, as, &region_size, error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        /* Check region size is a power of 2 */
        if (!is_power_of_2(region_size)) {
                *error = "Region size is not a power of 2";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        /* Validate the region size against the device logical block size */
        if (region_size % (bdev_logical_block_size(clone->source_dev->bdev) >> 9) ||
            region_size % (bdev_logical_block_size(clone->dest_dev->bdev) >> 9)) {
                *error = "Region size is not a multiple of device logical block size";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        clone->region_size = region_size;

        return 0;
}

static int validate_nr_regions(unsigned long n, char **error)
{
        /*
         * dm_bitset restricts us to 2^32 regions. test_bit & co. restrict us
         * further to 2^31 regions.
         */
        if (n > (1UL << 31)) {
                *error = "Too many regions. Consider increasing the region size";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int parse_metadata_dev(struct clone *clone, struct dm_arg_set *as, char **error)
{
        int r;
        sector_t metadata_dev_size;
        char b[BDEVNAME_SIZE];

        r = dm_get_device(clone->ti, dm_shift_arg(as), FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE,
                          &clone->metadata_dev);
        if (r) {
                *error = "Error opening metadata device";
                return r;
        }

        metadata_dev_size = get_dev_size(clone->metadata_dev);
        if (metadata_dev_size > DM_CLONE_METADATA_MAX_SECTORS_WARNING)
                DMWARN("Metadata device %s is larger than %u sectors: excess space will not be used.",
                       bdevname(clone->metadata_dev->bdev, b), DM_CLONE_METADATA_MAX_SECTORS);

        return 0;
}

static int parse_dest_dev(struct clone *clone, struct dm_arg_set *as, char **error)
{
        int r;
        sector_t dest_dev_size;

        r = dm_get_device(clone->ti, dm_shift_arg(as), FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE,
                          &clone->dest_dev);
        if (r) {
                *error = "Error opening destination device";
                return r;
        }

        dest_dev_size = get_dev_size(clone->dest_dev);
        if (dest_dev_size < clone->ti->len) {
                dm_put_device(clone->ti, clone->dest_dev);
                *error = "Device size larger than destination device";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int parse_source_dev(struct clone *clone, struct dm_arg_set *as, char **error)
{
        int r;
        sector_t source_dev_size;

        r = dm_get_device(clone->ti, dm_shift_arg(as), FMODE_READ,
                          &clone->source_dev);
        if (r) {
                *error = "Error opening source device";
                return r;
        }

        source_dev_size = get_dev_size(clone->source_dev);
        if (source_dev_size < clone->ti->len) {
                dm_put_device(clone->ti, clone->source_dev);
                *error = "Device size larger than source device";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int copy_ctr_args(struct clone *clone, int argc, const char **argv, char **error)
{
        unsigned int i;
        const char **copy;

        copy = kcalloc(argc, sizeof(*copy), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!copy)
                goto error;

        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
                copy[i] = kstrdup(argv[i], GFP_KERNEL);

                if (!copy[i]) {
                        while (i--)
                                kfree(copy[i]);
                        kfree(copy);
                        goto error;
                }
        }

        clone->nr_ctr_args = argc;
        clone->ctr_args = copy;
        return 0;

error:
        *error = "Failed to allocate memory for table line";
        return -ENOMEM;
}

static int clone_ctr(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned int argc, char **argv)
{
        int r;
        struct clone *clone;
        struct dm_arg_set as;

        if (argc < 4) {
                ti->error = "Invalid number of arguments";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        as.argc = argc;
        as.argv = argv;

        clone = kzalloc(sizeof(*clone), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!clone) {
                ti->error = "Failed to allocate clone structure";
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        clone->ti = ti;

        /* Initialize dm-clone flags */
        __set_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags);
        __set_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_SUSPENDED, &clone->flags);
        __set_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags);

        r = parse_metadata_dev(clone, &as, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_clone;

        r = parse_dest_dev(clone, &as, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_meta_dev;

        r = parse_source_dev(clone, &as, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_dest_dev;

        r = parse_region_size(clone, &as, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_source_dev;

        clone->region_shift = __ffs(clone->region_size);
        clone->nr_regions = dm_sector_div_up(ti->len, clone->region_size);

        r = validate_nr_regions(clone->nr_regions, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_source_dev;

        r = dm_set_target_max_io_len(ti, clone->region_size);
        if (r) {
                ti->error = "Failed to set max io len";
                goto out_with_source_dev;
        }

        r = parse_feature_args(&as, clone);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_source_dev;

        r = parse_core_args(&as, clone);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_source_dev;

        /* Load metadata */
        clone->cmd = dm_clone_metadata_open(clone->metadata_dev->bdev, ti->len,
                                            clone->region_size);
        if (IS_ERR(clone->cmd)) {
                ti->error = "Failed to load metadata";
                r = PTR_ERR(clone->cmd);
                goto out_with_source_dev;
        }

        __set_clone_mode(clone, CM_WRITE);

        if (get_clone_mode(clone) != CM_WRITE) {
                ti->error = "Unable to get write access to metadata, please check/repair metadata";
                r = -EPERM;
                goto out_with_metadata;
        }

        clone->last_commit_jiffies = jiffies;

        /* Allocate hydration hash table */
        r = hash_table_init(clone);
        if (r) {
                ti->error = "Failed to allocate hydration hash table";
                goto out_with_metadata;
        }

        atomic_set(&clone->ios_in_flight, 0);
        init_waitqueue_head(&clone->hydration_stopped);
        spin_lock_init(&clone->lock);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_bios);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_discard_bios);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_flush_bios);
        bio_list_init(&clone->deferred_flush_completions);
        clone->hydration_offset = 0;
        atomic_set(&clone->hydrations_in_flight, 0);

        clone->wq = alloc_workqueue("dm-" DM_MSG_PREFIX, WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 0);
        if (!clone->wq) {
                ti->error = "Failed to allocate workqueue";
                r = -ENOMEM;
                goto out_with_ht;
        }

        INIT_WORK(&clone->worker, do_worker);
        INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&clone->waker, do_waker);

        clone->kcopyd_client = dm_kcopyd_client_create(&dm_kcopyd_throttle);
        if (IS_ERR(clone->kcopyd_client)) {
                r = PTR_ERR(clone->kcopyd_client);
                goto out_with_wq;
        }

        r = mempool_init_slab_pool(&clone->hydration_pool, MIN_HYDRATIONS,
                                   _hydration_cache);
        if (r) {
                ti->error = "Failed to create dm_clone_region_hydration memory pool";
                goto out_with_kcopyd;
        }

        /* Save a copy of the table line */
        r = copy_ctr_args(clone, argc - 3, (const char **)argv + 3, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                goto out_with_mempool;

        mutex_init(&clone->commit_lock);
        clone->callbacks.congested_fn = clone_is_congested;
        dm_table_add_target_callbacks(ti->table, &clone->callbacks);

        /* Enable flushes */
        ti->num_flush_bios = 1;
        ti->flush_supported = true;

        /* Enable discards */
        ti->discards_supported = true;
        ti->num_discard_bios = 1;

        ti->private = clone;

        return 0;

out_with_mempool:
        mempool_exit(&clone->hydration_pool);
out_with_kcopyd:
        dm_kcopyd_client_destroy(clone->kcopyd_client);
out_with_wq:
        destroy_workqueue(clone->wq);
out_with_ht:
        hash_table_exit(clone);
out_with_metadata:
        dm_clone_metadata_close(clone->cmd);
out_with_source_dev:
        dm_put_device(ti, clone->source_dev);
out_with_dest_dev:
        dm_put_device(ti, clone->dest_dev);
out_with_meta_dev:
        dm_put_device(ti, clone->metadata_dev);
out_with_clone:
        kfree(clone);

        return r;
}

static void clone_dtr(struct dm_target *ti)
{
        unsigned int i;
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;

        mutex_destroy(&clone->commit_lock);

        for (i = 0; i < clone->nr_ctr_args; i++)
                kfree(clone->ctr_args[i]);
        kfree(clone->ctr_args);

        mempool_exit(&clone->hydration_pool);
        dm_kcopyd_client_destroy(clone->kcopyd_client);
        destroy_workqueue(clone->wq);
        hash_table_exit(clone);
        dm_clone_metadata_close(clone->cmd);
        dm_put_device(ti, clone->source_dev);
        dm_put_device(ti, clone->dest_dev);
        dm_put_device(ti, clone->metadata_dev);

        kfree(clone);
}

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void clone_postsuspend(struct dm_target *ti)
{
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;

        /*
         * To successfully suspend the device:
         *
         *      - We cancel the delayed work for periodic commits and wait for
         *        it to finish.
         *
         *      - We stop the background hydration, i.e. we prevent new region
         *        hydrations from starting.
         *
         *      - We wait for any in-flight hydrations to finish.
         *
         *      - We flush the workqueue.
         *
         *      - We commit the metadata.
         */
        cancel_delayed_work_sync(&clone->waker);

        set_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_SUSPENDED, &clone->flags);

        /*
         * Make sure set_bit() is ordered before atomic_read(), otherwise we
         * might race with do_hydration() and miss some started region
         * hydrations.
         *
         * This is paired with smp_mb__after_atomic() in do_hydration().
         */
        smp_mb__after_atomic();

        wait_event(clone->hydration_stopped, !atomic_read(&clone->hydrations_in_flight));
        flush_workqueue(clone->wq);

        (void) commit_metadata(clone);
}

static void clone_resume(struct dm_target *ti)
{
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;

        clear_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_SUSPENDED, &clone->flags);
        do_waker(&clone->waker.work);
}

static bool bdev_supports_discards(struct block_device *bdev)
{
        struct request_queue *q = bdev_get_queue(bdev);

        return (q && blk_queue_discard(q));
}

/*
 * If discard_passdown was enabled verify that the destination device supports
 * discards. Disable discard_passdown if not.
 */
static void disable_passdown_if_not_supported(struct clone *clone)
{
        struct block_device *dest_dev = clone->dest_dev->bdev;
        struct queue_limits *dest_limits = &bdev_get_queue(dest_dev)->limits;
        const char *reason = NULL;
        char buf[BDEVNAME_SIZE];

        if (!test_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags))
                return;

        if (!bdev_supports_discards(dest_dev))
                reason = "discard unsupported";
        else if (dest_limits->max_discard_sectors < clone->region_size)
                reason = "max discard sectors smaller than a region";

        if (reason) {
                DMWARN("Destination device (%s) %s: Disabling discard passdown.",
                       bdevname(dest_dev, buf), reason);
                clear_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags);
        }
}

static void set_discard_limits(struct clone *clone, struct queue_limits *limits)
{
        struct block_device *dest_bdev = clone->dest_dev->bdev;
        struct queue_limits *dest_limits = &bdev_get_queue(dest_bdev)->limits;

        if (!test_bit(DM_CLONE_DISCARD_PASSDOWN, &clone->flags)) {
                /* No passdown is done so we set our own virtual limits */
                limits->discard_granularity = clone->region_size << SECTOR_SHIFT;
                limits->max_discard_sectors = round_down(UINT_MAX >> SECTOR_SHIFT, clone->region_size);
                return;
        }

        /*
         * clone_iterate_devices() is stacking both the source and destination
         * device limits but discards aren't passed to the source device, so
         * inherit destination's limits.
         */
        limits->max_discard_sectors = dest_limits->max_discard_sectors;
        limits->max_hw_discard_sectors = dest_limits->max_hw_discard_sectors;
        limits->discard_granularity = dest_limits->discard_granularity;
        limits->discard_alignment = dest_limits->discard_alignment;
        limits->discard_misaligned = dest_limits->discard_misaligned;
        limits->max_discard_segments = dest_limits->max_discard_segments;
}

static void clone_io_hints(struct dm_target *ti, struct queue_limits *limits)
{
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;
        u64 io_opt_sectors = limits->io_opt >> SECTOR_SHIFT;

        /*
         * If the system-determined stacked limits are compatible with
         * dm-clone's region size (io_opt is a factor) do not override them.
         */
        if (io_opt_sectors < clone->region_size ||
            do_div(io_opt_sectors, clone->region_size)) {
                blk_limits_io_min(limits, clone->region_size << SECTOR_SHIFT);
                blk_limits_io_opt(limits, clone->region_size << SECTOR_SHIFT);
        }

        disable_passdown_if_not_supported(clone);
        set_discard_limits(clone, limits);
}

static int clone_iterate_devices(struct dm_target *ti,
                                 iterate_devices_callout_fn fn, void *data)
{
        int ret;
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;
        struct dm_dev *dest_dev = clone->dest_dev;
        struct dm_dev *source_dev = clone->source_dev;

        ret = fn(ti, source_dev, 0, ti->len, data);
        if (!ret)
                ret = fn(ti, dest_dev, 0, ti->len, data);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * dm-clone message functions.
 */
static void set_hydration_threshold(struct clone *clone, unsigned int nr_regions)
{
        WRITE_ONCE(clone->hydration_threshold, nr_regions);

        /*
         * If user space sets hydration_threshold to zero then the hydration
         * will stop. If at a later time the hydration_threshold is increased
         * we must restart the hydration process by waking up the worker.
         */
        wake_worker(clone);
}

static void set_hydration_batch_size(struct clone *clone, unsigned int nr_regions)
{
        WRITE_ONCE(clone->hydration_batch_size, nr_regions);
}

static void enable_hydration(struct clone *clone)
{
        if (!test_and_set_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags))
                wake_worker(clone);
}

static void disable_hydration(struct clone *clone)
{
        clear_bit(DM_CLONE_HYDRATION_ENABLED, &clone->flags);
}

static int clone_message(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned int argc, char **argv,
                         char *result, unsigned int maxlen)
{
        struct clone *clone = ti->private;
        unsigned int value;

        if (!argc)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "enable_hydration")) {
                enable_hydration(clone);
                return 0;
        }

        if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "disable_hydration")) {
                disable_hydration(clone);
                return 0;
        }

        if (argc != 2)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "hydration_threshold")) {
                if (kstrtouint(argv[1], 10, &value))
                        return -EINVAL;

                set_hydration_threshold(clone, value);

                return 0;
        }

        if (!strcasecmp(argv[0], "hydration_batch_size")) {
                if (kstrtouint(argv[1], 10, &value))
                        return -EINVAL;

                set_hydration_batch_size(clone, value);

                return 0;
        }

        DMERR("%s: Unsupported message `%s'", clone_device_name(clone), argv[0]);
        return -EINVAL;
}

static struct target_type clone_target = {
        .name = "clone",
        .version = {1, 0, 0},
        .module = THIS_MODULE,
        .ctr = clone_ctr,
        .dtr =  clone_dtr,
        .map = clone_map,
        .end_io = clone_endio,
        .postsuspend = clone_postsuspend,
        .resume = clone_resume,
        .status = clone_status,
        .message = clone_message,
        .io_hints = clone_io_hints,
        .iterate_devices = clone_iterate_devices,
};

/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/* Module functions */
static int __init dm_clone_init(void)
{
        int r;

        _hydration_cache = KMEM_CACHE(dm_clone_region_hydration, 0);
        if (!_hydration_cache)
                return -ENOMEM;

        r = dm_register_target(&clone_target);
        if (r < 0) {
                DMERR("Failed to register clone target");
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

static void __exit dm_clone_exit(void)
{
        dm_unregister_target(&clone_target);

        kmem_cache_destroy(_hydration_cache);
        _hydration_cache = NULL;
}

/* Module hooks */
module_init(dm_clone_init);
module_exit(dm_clone_exit);

MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DM_NAME " clone target");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Nikos Tsironis <ntsironis@arrikto.com>");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");