3 Zswap is a lightweight compressed cache for swap pages. It takes pages that are
4 in the process of being swapped out and attempts to compress them into a
5 dynamically allocated RAM-based memory pool. zswap basically trades CPU cycles
6 for potentially reduced swap I/O. This trade-off can also result in a
7 significant performance improvement if reads from the compressed cache are
8 faster than reads from a swap device.
10 NOTE: Zswap is a new feature as of v3.11 and interacts heavily with memory
11 reclaim. This interaction has not been fully explored on the large set of
12 potential configurations and workloads that exist. For this reason, zswap
13 is a work in progress and should be considered experimental.
15 Some potential benefits:
16 * Desktop/laptop users with limited RAM capacities can mitigate the
17 performance impact of swapping.
18 * Overcommitted guests that share a common I/O resource can
19 dramatically reduce their swap I/O pressure, avoiding heavy handed I/O
20 throttling by the hypervisor. This allows more work to get done with less
21 impact to the guest workload and guests sharing the I/O subsystem
22 * Users with SSDs as swap devices can extend the life of the device by
23 drastically reducing life-shortening writes.
25 Zswap evicts pages from compressed cache on an LRU basis to the backing swap
26 device when the compressed pool reaches its size limit. This requirement had
27 been identified in prior community discussions.
29 Zswap is disabled by default but can be enabled at boot time by setting
30 the "enabled" attribute to 1 at boot time. ie: zswap.enabled=1. Zswap
31 can also be enabled and disabled at runtime using the sysfs interface.
32 An example command to enable zswap at runtime, assuming sysfs is mounted
35 echo 1 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/enabled
37 When zswap is disabled at runtime it will stop storing pages that are
38 being swapped out. However, it will _not_ immediately write out or fault
39 back into memory all of the pages stored in the compressed pool. The
40 pages stored in zswap will remain in the compressed pool until they are
41 either invalidated or faulted back into memory. In order to force all
42 pages out of the compressed pool, a swapoff on the swap device(s) will
43 fault back into memory all swapped out pages, including those in the
48 Zswap receives pages for compression through the Frontswap API and is able to
49 evict pages from its own compressed pool on an LRU basis and write them back to
50 the backing swap device in the case that the compressed pool is full.
52 Zswap makes use of zpool for the managing the compressed memory pool. Each
53 allocation in zpool is not directly accessible by address. Rather, a handle is
54 returned by the allocation routine and that handle must be mapped before being
55 accessed. The compressed memory pool grows on demand and shrinks as compressed
56 pages are freed. The pool is not preallocated. By default, a zpool of type
57 zbud is created, but it can be selected at boot time by setting the "zpool"
58 attribute, e.g. zswap.zpool=zbud. It can also be changed at runtime using the
59 sysfs "zpool" attribute, e.g.
61 echo zbud > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/zpool
63 The zbud type zpool allocates exactly 1 page to store 2 compressed pages, which
64 means the compression ratio will always be 2:1 or worse (because of half-full
65 zbud pages). The zsmalloc type zpool has a more complex compressed page
66 storage method, and it can achieve greater storage densities. However,
67 zsmalloc does not implement compressed page eviction, so once zswap fills it
68 cannot evict the oldest page, it can only reject new pages.
70 When a swap page is passed from frontswap to zswap, zswap maintains a mapping
71 of the swap entry, a combination of the swap type and swap offset, to the zpool
72 handle that references that compressed swap page. This mapping is achieved
73 with a red-black tree per swap type. The swap offset is the search key for the
76 During a page fault on a PTE that is a swap entry, frontswap calls the zswap
77 load function to decompress the page into the page allocated by the page fault
80 Once there are no PTEs referencing a swap page stored in zswap (i.e. the count
81 in the swap_map goes to 0) the swap code calls the zswap invalidate function,
82 via frontswap, to free the compressed entry.
84 Zswap seeks to be simple in its policies. Sysfs attributes allow for one user
86 * max_pool_percent - The maximum percentage of memory that the compressed
89 The default compressor is lzo, but it can be selected at boot time by setting
90 the “compressor” attribute, e.g. zswap.compressor=lzo. It can also be changed
91 at runtime using the sysfs "compressor" attribute, e.g.
93 echo lzo > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/compressor
95 When the zpool and/or compressor parameter is changed at runtime, any existing
96 compressed pages are not modified; they are left in their own zpool. When a
97 request is made for a page in an old zpool, it is uncompressed using its
98 original compressor. Once all pages are removed from an old zpool, the zpool
99 and its compressor are freed.
101 Some of the pages in zswap are same-value filled pages (i.e. contents of the
102 page have same value or repetitive pattern). These pages include zero-filled
103 pages and they are handled differently. During store operation, a page is
104 checked if it is a same-value filled page before compressing it. If true, the
105 compressed length of the page is set to zero and the pattern or same-filled
108 Same-value filled pages identification feature is enabled by default and can be
109 disabled at boot time by setting the "same_filled_pages_enabled" attribute to 0,
110 e.g. zswap.same_filled_pages_enabled=0. It can also be enabled and disabled at
111 runtime using the sysfs "same_filled_pages_enabled" attribute, e.g.
113 echo 1 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/same_filled_pages_enabled
115 When zswap same-filled page identification is disabled at runtime, it will stop
116 checking for the same-value filled pages during store operation. However, the
117 existing pages which are marked as same-value filled pages remain stored
118 unchanged in zswap until they are either loaded or invalidated.
120 A debugfs interface is provided for various statistic about pool size, number
121 of pages stored, same-value filled pages and various counters for the reasons