4 Your guide to the ancient and twisted locking policies of the tty layer and
5 the warped logic behind them. Beware all ye who read on.
11 Line disciplines are registered with tty_register_ldisc() passing the
12 discipline number and the ldisc structure. At the point of registration the
13 discipline must be ready to use and it is possible it will get used before
14 the call returns success. If the call returns an error then it won't get
15 called. Do not re-use ldisc numbers as they are part of the userspace ABI
16 and writing over an existing ldisc will cause demons to eat your computer.
17 After the return the ldisc data has been copied so you may free your own
18 copy of the structure. You must not re-register over the top of the line
19 discipline even with the same data or your computer again will be eaten by
22 In order to remove a line discipline call tty_unregister_ldisc().
23 In ancient times this always worked. In modern times the function will
24 return -EBUSY if the ldisc is currently in use. Since the ldisc referencing
25 code manages the module counts this should not usually be a concern.
27 Heed this warning: the reference count field of the registered copies of the
28 tty_ldisc structure in the ldisc table counts the number of lines using this
29 discipline. The reference count of the tty_ldisc structure within a tty
30 counts the number of active users of the ldisc at this instant. In effect it
31 counts the number of threads of execution within an ldisc method (plus those
32 about to enter and exit although this detail matters not).
34 Line Discipline Methods
35 -----------------------
39 open() - Called when the line discipline is attached to
40 the terminal. No other call into the line
41 discipline for this tty will occur until it
42 completes successfully. Should initialize any
43 state needed by the ldisc, and set receive_room
44 in the tty_struct to the maximum amount of data
45 the line discipline is willing to accept from the
46 driver with a single call to receive_buf().
47 Returning an error will prevent the ldisc from
48 being attached. Can sleep.
50 close() - This is called on a terminal when the line
51 discipline is being unplugged. At the point of
52 execution no further users will enter the
53 ldisc code for this tty. Can sleep.
55 hangup() - Called when the tty line is hung up.
56 The line discipline should cease I/O to the tty.
57 No further calls into the ldisc code will occur.
58 The return value is ignored. Can sleep.
60 read() - (optional) A process requests reading data from
61 the line. Multiple read calls may occur in parallel
62 and the ldisc must deal with serialization issues.
63 If not defined, the process will receive an EIO
66 write() - (optional) A process requests writing data to the
67 line. Multiple write calls are serialized by the
68 tty layer for the ldisc. If not defined, the
69 process will receive an EIO error. May sleep.
71 flush_buffer() - (optional) May be called at any point between
72 open and close, and instructs the line discipline
73 to empty its input buffer.
75 chars_in_buffer() - (optional) Report the number of bytes in the input
78 set_termios() - (optional) Called on termios structure changes.
79 The caller passes the old termios data and the
80 current data is in the tty. Called under the
81 termios semaphore so allowed to sleep. Serialized
84 poll() - (optional) Check the status for the poll/select
85 calls. Multiple poll calls may occur in parallel.
88 ioctl() - (optional) Called when an ioctl is handed to the
89 tty layer that might be for the ldisc. Multiple
90 ioctl calls may occur in parallel. May sleep.
92 compat_ioctl() - (optional) Called when a 32 bit ioctl is handed
93 to the tty layer that might be for the ldisc.
94 Multiple ioctl calls may occur in parallel.
97 Driver Side Interfaces:
99 receive_buf() - (optional) Called by the low-level driver to hand
100 a buffer of received bytes to the ldisc for
101 processing. The number of bytes is guaranteed not
102 to exceed the current value of tty->receive_room.
103 All bytes must be processed.
105 receive_buf2() - (optional) Called by the low-level driver to hand
106 a buffer of received bytes to the ldisc for
107 processing. Returns the number of bytes processed.
109 If both receive_buf() and receive_buf2() are
110 defined, receive_buf2() should be preferred.
112 write_wakeup() - May be called at any point between open and close.
113 The TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP flag indicates if a call
114 is needed but always races versus calls. Thus the
115 ldisc must be careful about setting order and to
116 handle unexpected calls. Must not sleep.
118 The driver is forbidden from calling this directly
119 from the ->write call from the ldisc as the ldisc
120 is permitted to call the driver write method from
121 this function. In such a situation defer it.
123 dcd_change() - Report to the tty line the current DCD pin status
124 changes and the relative timestamp. The timestamp
130 Line discipline methods can call the following methods of the underlying
131 hardware driver through the function pointers within the tty->driver
134 write() Write a block of characters to the tty device.
135 Returns the number of characters accepted. The
136 character buffer passed to this method is already
139 put_char() Queues a character for writing to the tty device.
140 If there is no room in the queue, the character is
143 flush_chars() (Optional) If defined, must be called after
144 queueing characters with put_char() in order to
147 write_room() Returns the numbers of characters the tty driver
148 will accept for queueing to be written.
150 ioctl() Invoke device specific ioctl.
151 Expects data pointers to refer to userspace.
152 Returns ENOIOCTLCMD for unrecognized ioctl numbers.
154 set_termios() Notify the tty driver that the device's termios
155 settings have changed. New settings are in
156 tty->termios. Previous settings should be passed in
159 The API is defined such that the driver should return
160 the actual modes selected. This means that the
161 driver function is responsible for modifying any
162 bits in the request it cannot fulfill to indicate
163 the actual modes being used. A device with no
164 hardware capability for change (e.g. a USB dongle or
165 virtual port) can provide NULL for this method.
167 throttle() Notify the tty driver that input buffers for the
168 line discipline are close to full, and it should
169 somehow signal that no more characters should be
172 unthrottle() Notify the tty driver that characters can now be
173 sent to the tty without fear of overrunning the
174 input buffers of the line disciplines.
176 stop() Ask the tty driver to stop outputting characters
179 start() Ask the tty driver to resume sending characters
182 hangup() Ask the tty driver to hang up the tty device.
184 break_ctl() (Optional) Ask the tty driver to turn on or off
185 BREAK status on the RS-232 port. If state is -1,
186 then the BREAK status should be turned on; if
187 state is 0, then BREAK should be turned off.
188 If this routine is not implemented, use ioctls
189 TIOCSBRK / TIOCCBRK instead.
191 wait_until_sent() Waits until the device has written out all of the
192 characters in its transmitter FIFO.
194 send_xchar() Send a high-priority XON/XOFF character to the device.
199 Line discipline methods have access to tty->flags field containing the
200 following interesting flags:
202 TTY_THROTTLED Driver input is throttled. The ldisc should call
203 tty->driver->unthrottle() in order to resume
204 reception when it is ready to process more data.
206 TTY_DO_WRITE_WAKEUP If set, causes the driver to call the ldisc's
207 write_wakeup() method in order to resume
208 transmission when it can accept more data
211 TTY_IO_ERROR If set, causes all subsequent userspace read/write
212 calls on the tty to fail, returning -EIO.
214 TTY_OTHER_CLOSED Device is a pty and the other side has closed.
216 TTY_OTHER_DONE Device is a pty and the other side has closed and
217 all pending input processing has been completed.
219 TTY_NO_WRITE_SPLIT Prevent driver from splitting up writes into
225 Callers to the line discipline functions from the tty layer are required to
226 take line discipline locks. The same is true of calls from the driver side
227 but not yet enforced.
229 Three calls are now provided
231 ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref(tty);
233 takes a handle to the line discipline in the tty and returns it. If no ldisc
234 is currently attached or the ldisc is being closed and re-opened at this
235 point then NULL is returned. While this handle is held the ldisc will not
238 tty_ldisc_deref(ldisc)
240 Returns the ldisc reference and allows the ldisc to be closed. Returning the
241 reference takes away your right to call the ldisc functions until you take
244 ldisc = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty);
246 Performs the same function as tty_ldisc_ref except that it will wait for an
247 ldisc change to complete and then return a reference to the new ldisc.
249 While these functions are slightly slower than the old code they should have
250 minimal impact as most receive logic uses the flip buffers and they only
251 need to take a reference when they push bits up through the driver.
253 A caution: The ldisc->open(), ldisc->close() and driver->set_ldisc
254 functions are called with the ldisc unavailable. Thus tty_ldisc_ref will
255 fail in this situation if used within these functions. Ldisc and driver
256 code calling its own functions must be careful in this case.
262 open() - Called when a device is opened. May sleep
264 close() - Called when a device is closed. At the point of
265 return from this call the driver must make no
266 further ldisc calls of any kind. May sleep
268 write() - Called to write bytes to the device. May not
269 sleep. May occur in parallel in special cases.
270 Because this includes panic paths drivers generally
271 shouldn't try and do clever locking here.
273 put_char() - Stuff a single character onto the queue. The
274 driver is guaranteed following up calls to
277 flush_chars() - Ask the kernel to write put_char queue
279 write_room() - Return the number of characters that can be stuffed
280 into the port buffers without overflow (or less).
281 The ldisc is responsible for being intelligent
282 about multi-threading of write_room/write calls
284 ioctl() - Called when an ioctl may be for the driver
286 set_termios() - Called on termios change, serialized against
287 itself by a semaphore. May sleep.
289 set_ldisc() - Notifier for discipline change. At the point this
290 is done the discipline is not yet usable. Can now
293 throttle() - Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to do flow
294 control. Serialization including with unthrottle
295 is the job of the ldisc layer.
297 unthrottle() - Called by the ldisc to ask the driver to stop flow
300 stop() - Ldisc notifier to the driver to stop output. As with
301 throttle the serializations with start() are down
304 start() - Ldisc notifier to the driver to start output.
306 hangup() - Ask the tty driver to cause a hangup initiated
307 from the host side. [Can sleep ??]
309 break_ctl() - Send RS232 break. Can sleep. Can get called in
310 parallel, driver must serialize (for now), and
313 wait_until_sent() - Wait for characters to exit the hardware queue
314 of the driver. Can sleep
316 send_xchar() - Send XON/XOFF and if possible jump the queue with
317 it in order to get fast flow control responses.