1 ===========================
2 Livepatch module Elf format
3 ===========================
5 This document outlines the Elf format requirements that livepatch modules must follow.
10 1. Background and motivation
11 2. Livepatch modinfo field
12 3. Livepatch relocation sections
13 3.1 Livepatch relocation section format
15 4.1 A livepatch module's symbol table
16 4.2 Livepatch symbol format
17 5. Symbol table and Elf section access
19 1. Background and motivation
20 ============================
22 Formerly, livepatch required separate architecture-specific code to write
23 relocations. However, arch-specific code to write relocations already
24 exists in the module loader, so this former approach produced redundant
25 code. So, instead of duplicating code and re-implementing what the module
26 loader can already do, livepatch leverages existing code in the module
27 loader to perform the all the arch-specific relocation work. Specifically,
28 livepatch reuses the apply_relocate_add() function in the module loader to
29 write relocations. The patch module Elf format described in this document
30 enables livepatch to be able to do this. The hope is that this will make
31 livepatch more easily portable to other architectures and reduce the amount
32 of arch-specific code required to port livepatch to a particular
35 Since apply_relocate_add() requires access to a module's section header
36 table, symbol table, and relocation section indices, Elf information is
37 preserved for livepatch modules (see section 5). Livepatch manages its own
38 relocation sections and symbols, which are described in this document. The
39 Elf constants used to mark livepatch symbols and relocation sections were
40 selected from OS-specific ranges according to the definitions from glibc.
42 Why does livepatch need to write its own relocations?
43 -----------------------------------------------------
44 A typical livepatch module contains patched versions of functions that can
45 reference non-exported global symbols and non-included local symbols.
46 Relocations referencing these types of symbols cannot be left in as-is
47 since the kernel module loader cannot resolve them and will therefore
48 reject the livepatch module. Furthermore, we cannot apply relocations that
49 affect modules not yet loaded at patch module load time (e.g. a patch to a
50 driver that is not loaded). Formerly, livepatch solved this problem by
51 embedding special "dynrela" (dynamic rela) sections in the resulting patch
52 module Elf output. Using these dynrela sections, livepatch could resolve
53 symbols while taking into account its scope and what module the symbol
54 belongs to, and then manually apply the dynamic relocations. However this
55 approach required livepatch to supply arch-specific code in order to write
56 these relocations. In the new format, livepatch manages its own SHT_RELA
57 relocation sections in place of dynrela sections, and the symbols that the
58 relas reference are special livepatch symbols (see section 2 and 3). The
59 arch-specific livepatch relocation code is replaced by a call to
62 2. Livepatch modinfo field
63 ==========================
65 Livepatch modules are required to have the "livepatch" modinfo attribute.
66 See the sample livepatch module in samples/livepatch/ for how this is done.
68 Livepatch modules can be identified by users by using the 'modinfo' command
69 and looking for the presence of the "livepatch" field. This field is also
70 used by the kernel module loader to identify livepatch modules.
79 % modinfo livepatch-meminfo.ko
80 filename: livepatch-meminfo.ko
84 vermagic: 4.3.0+ SMP mod_unload
86 3. Livepatch relocation sections
87 ================================
89 A livepatch module manages its own Elf relocation sections to apply
90 relocations to modules as well as to the kernel (vmlinux) at the
91 appropriate time. For example, if a patch module patches a driver that is
92 not currently loaded, livepatch will apply the corresponding livepatch
93 relocation section(s) to the driver once it loads.
95 Each "object" (e.g. vmlinux, or a module) within a patch module may have
96 multiple livepatch relocation sections associated with it (e.g. patches to
97 multiple functions within the same object). There is a 1-1 correspondence
98 between a livepatch relocation section and the target section (usually the
99 text section of a function) to which the relocation(s) apply. It is
100 also possible for a livepatch module to have no livepatch relocation
101 sections, as in the case of the sample livepatch module (see
104 Since Elf information is preserved for livepatch modules (see Section 5), a
105 livepatch relocation section can be applied simply by passing in the
106 appropriate section index to apply_relocate_add(), which then uses it to
107 access the relocation section and apply the relocations.
109 Every symbol referenced by a rela in a livepatch relocation section is a
110 livepatch symbol. These must be resolved before livepatch can call
111 apply_relocate_add(). See Section 3 for more information.
113 3.1 Livepatch relocation section format
114 =======================================
116 Livepatch relocation sections must be marked with the SHF_RELA_LIVEPATCH
117 section flag. See include/uapi/linux/elf.h for the definition. The module
118 loader recognizes this flag and will avoid applying those relocation sections
119 at patch module load time. These sections must also be marked with SHF_ALLOC,
120 so that the module loader doesn't discard them on module load (i.e. they will
121 be copied into memory along with the other SHF_ALLOC sections).
123 The name of a livepatch relocation section must conform to the following
126 .klp.rela.objname.section_name
128 |________||_____| |__________|
132 The relocation section name is prefixed with the string ".klp.rela."
135 The name of the object (i.e. "vmlinux" or name of module) to
136 which the relocation section belongs follows immediately after the prefix.
139 The actual name of the section to which this relocation section applies.
144 **Livepatch relocation section names:**
148 .klp.rela.ext4.text.ext4_attr_store
149 .klp.rela.vmlinux.text.cmdline_proc_show
151 **`readelf --sections` output for a patch
152 module that patches vmlinux and modules 9p, btrfs, ext4:**
157 [Nr] Name Type Address Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al
159 [29] .klp.rela.9p.text.caches.show RELA 0000000000000000 002d58 0000c0 18 AIo 64 9 8
160 [30] .klp.rela.btrfs.text.btrfs.feature.attr.show RELA 0000000000000000 002e18 000060 18 AIo 64 11 8
162 [34] .klp.rela.ext4.text.ext4.attr.store RELA 0000000000000000 002fd8 0000d8 18 AIo 64 13 8
163 [35] .klp.rela.ext4.text.ext4.attr.show RELA 0000000000000000 0030b0 000150 18 AIo 64 15 8
164 [36] .klp.rela.vmlinux.text.cmdline.proc.show RELA 0000000000000000 003200 000018 18 AIo 64 17 8
165 [37] .klp.rela.vmlinux.text.meminfo.proc.show RELA 0000000000000000 003218 0000f0 18 AIo 64 19 8
171 Livepatch relocation sections are SHT_RELA sections but with a few special
172 characteristics. Notice that they are marked SHF_ALLOC ("A") so that they will
173 not be discarded when the module is loaded into memory, as well as with the
174 SHF_RELA_LIVEPATCH flag ("o" - for OS-specific).
176 **`readelf --relocs` output for a patch module:**
180 Relocation section '.klp.rela.btrfs.text.btrfs_feature_attr_show' at offset 0x2ba0 contains 4 entries:
181 Offset Info Type Symbol's Value Symbol's Name + Addend
182 000000000000001f 0000005e00000002 R_X86_64_PC32 0000000000000000 .klp.sym.vmlinux.printk,0 - 4
183 0000000000000028 0000003d0000000b R_X86_64_32S 0000000000000000 .klp.sym.btrfs.btrfs_ktype,0 + 0
184 0000000000000036 0000003b00000002 R_X86_64_PC32 0000000000000000 .klp.sym.btrfs.can_modify_feature.isra.3,0 - 4
185 000000000000004c 0000004900000002 R_X86_64_PC32 0000000000000000 .klp.sym.vmlinux.snprintf,0 - 4
191 Every symbol referenced by a relocation is a livepatch symbol.
196 Livepatch symbols are symbols referred to by livepatch relocation sections.
197 These are symbols accessed from new versions of functions for patched
198 objects, whose addresses cannot be resolved by the module loader (because
199 they are local or unexported global syms). Since the module loader only
200 resolves exported syms, and not every symbol referenced by the new patched
201 functions is exported, livepatch symbols were introduced. They are used
202 also in cases where we cannot immediately know the address of a symbol when
203 a patch module loads. For example, this is the case when livepatch patches
204 a module that is not loaded yet. In this case, the relevant livepatch
205 symbols are resolved simply when the target module loads. In any case, for
206 any livepatch relocation section, all livepatch symbols referenced by that
207 section must be resolved before livepatch can call apply_relocate_add() for
210 Livepatch symbols must be marked with SHN_LIVEPATCH so that the module
211 loader can identify and ignore them. Livepatch modules keep these symbols
212 in their symbol tables, and the symbol table is made accessible through
215 4.1 A livepatch module's symbol table
216 =====================================
217 Normally, a stripped down copy of a module's symbol table (containing only
218 "core" symbols) is made available through module->symtab (See layout_symtab()
219 in kernel/module.c). For livepatch modules, the symbol table copied into memory
220 on module load must be exactly the same as the symbol table produced when the
221 patch module was compiled. This is because the relocations in each livepatch
222 relocation section refer to their respective symbols with their symbol indices,
223 and the original symbol indices (and thus the symtab ordering) must be
224 preserved in order for apply_relocate_add() to find the right symbol.
226 For example, take this particular rela from a livepatch module:::
228 Relocation section '.klp.rela.btrfs.text.btrfs_feature_attr_show' at offset 0x2ba0 contains 4 entries:
229 Offset Info Type Symbol's Value Symbol's Name + Addend
230 000000000000001f 0000005e00000002 R_X86_64_PC32 0000000000000000 .klp.sym.vmlinux.printk,0 - 4
232 This rela refers to the symbol '.klp.sym.vmlinux.printk,0', and the symbol index is encoded
233 in 'Info'. Here its symbol index is 0x5e, which is 94 in decimal, which refers to the
235 And in this patch module's corresponding symbol table, symbol index 94 refers to that very symbol:
237 94: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT OS [0xff20] .klp.sym.vmlinux.printk,0
240 4.2 Livepatch symbol format
241 ===========================
243 Livepatch symbols must have their section index marked as SHN_LIVEPATCH, so
244 that the module loader can identify them and not attempt to resolve them.
245 See include/uapi/linux/elf.h for the actual definitions.
247 Livepatch symbol names must conform to the following format::
249 .klp.sym.objname.symbol_name,sympos
251 |_______||_____| |_________| |
255 The symbol name is prefixed with the string ".klp.sym."
258 The name of the object (i.e. "vmlinux" or name of module) to
259 which the symbol belongs follows immediately after the prefix.
262 The actual name of the symbol.
265 The position of the symbol in the object (as according to kallsyms)
266 This is used to differentiate duplicate symbols within the same
267 object. The symbol position is expressed numerically (0, 1, 2...).
268 The symbol position of a unique symbol is 0.
273 **Livepatch symbol names:**
277 .klp.sym.vmlinux.snprintf,0
278 .klp.sym.vmlinux.printk,0
279 .klp.sym.btrfs.btrfs_ktype,0
281 **`readelf --symbols` output for a patch module:**
285 Symbol table '.symtab' contains 127 entries:
286 Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name
288 73: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT OS [0xff20] .klp.sym.vmlinux.snprintf,0
289 74: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT OS [0xff20] .klp.sym.vmlinux.capable,0
290 75: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT OS [0xff20] .klp.sym.vmlinux.find_next_bit,0
291 76: 0000000000000000 0 NOTYPE GLOBAL DEFAULT OS [0xff20] .klp.sym.vmlinux.si_swapinfo,0
297 Note that the 'Ndx' (Section index) for these symbols is SHN_LIVEPATCH (0xff20).
298 "OS" means OS-specific.
300 5. Symbol table and Elf section access
301 ======================================
302 A livepatch module's symbol table is accessible through module->symtab.
304 Since apply_relocate_add() requires access to a module's section headers,
305 symbol table, and relocation section indices, Elf information is preserved for
306 livepatch modules and is made accessible by the module loader through
307 module->klp_info, which is a klp_modinfo struct. When a livepatch module loads,
308 this struct is filled in by the module loader. Its fields are documented below::
311 Elf_Ehdr hdr; /* Elf header */
312 Elf_Shdr *sechdrs; /* Section header table */
313 char *secstrings; /* String table for the section headers */
314 unsigned int symndx; /* The symbol table section index */