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2 Using flexible arrays in the kernel
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5 :Updated: Last updated for 2.6.32
6 :Author: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
8 Large contiguous memory allocations can be unreliable in the Linux kernel.
9 Kernel programmers will sometimes respond to this problem by allocating
10 pages with vmalloc(). This solution not ideal, though. On 32-bit systems,
11 memory from vmalloc() must be mapped into a relatively small address space;
12 it's easy to run out. On SMP systems, the page table changes required by
13 vmalloc() allocations can require expensive cross-processor interrupts on
14 all CPUs. And, on all systems, use of space in the vmalloc() range
15 increases pressure on the translation lookaside buffer (TLB), reducing the
16 performance of the system.
18 In many cases, the need for memory from vmalloc() can be eliminated by
19 piecing together an array from smaller parts; the flexible array library
20 exists to make this task easier.
22 A flexible array holds an arbitrary (within limits) number of fixed-sized
23 objects, accessed via an integer index. Sparse arrays are handled
24 reasonably well. Only single-page allocations are made, so memory
25 allocation failures should be relatively rare. The down sides are that the
26 arrays cannot be indexed directly, individual object size cannot exceed the
27 system page size, and putting data into a flexible array requires a copy
28 operation. It's also worth noting that flexible arrays do no internal
29 locking at all; if concurrent access to an array is possible, then the
30 caller must arrange for appropriate mutual exclusion.
32 The creation of a flexible array is done with::
34 #include <linux/flex_array.h>
36 struct flex_array *flex_array_alloc(int element_size,
40 The individual object size is provided by element_size, while total is the
41 maximum number of objects which can be stored in the array. The flags
42 argument is passed directly to the internal memory allocation calls. With
43 the current code, using flags to ask for high memory is likely to lead to
44 notably unpleasant side effects.
46 It is also possible to define flexible arrays at compile time with::
48 DEFINE_FLEX_ARRAY(name, element_size, total);
50 This macro will result in a definition of an array with the given name; the
51 element size and total will be checked for validity at compile time.
53 Storing data into a flexible array is accomplished with a call to::
55 int flex_array_put(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int element_nr,
56 void *src, gfp_t flags);
58 This call will copy the data from src into the array, in the position
59 indicated by element_nr (which must be less than the maximum specified when
60 the array was created). If any memory allocations must be performed, flags
61 will be used. The return value is zero on success, a negative error code
64 There might possibly be a need to store data into a flexible array while
65 running in some sort of atomic context; in this situation, sleeping in the
66 memory allocator would be a bad thing. That can be avoided by using
67 GFP_ATOMIC for the flags value, but, often, there is a better way. The
68 trick is to ensure that any needed memory allocations are done before
69 entering atomic context, using::
71 int flex_array_prealloc(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int start,
72 unsigned int nr_elements, gfp_t flags);
74 This function will ensure that memory for the elements indexed in the range
75 defined by start and nr_elements has been allocated. Thereafter, a
76 flex_array_put() call on an element in that range is guaranteed not to
79 Getting data back out of the array is done with::
81 void *flex_array_get(struct flex_array *fa, unsigned int element_nr);
83 The return value is a pointer to the data element, or NULL if that
84 particular element has never been allocated.
86 Note that it is possible to get back a valid pointer for an element which
87 has never been stored in the array. Memory for array elements is allocated
88 one page at a time; a single allocation could provide memory for several
89 adjacent elements. Flexible array elements are normally initialized to the
90 value FLEX_ARRAY_FREE (defined as 0x6c in <linux/poison.h>), so errors
91 involving that number probably result from use of unstored array entries.
92 Note that, if array elements are allocated with __GFP_ZERO, they will be
93 initialized to zero and this poisoning will not happen.
95 Individual elements in the array can be cleared with::
97 int flex_array_clear(struct flex_array *array, unsigned int element_nr);
99 This function will set the given element to FLEX_ARRAY_FREE and return
100 zero. If storage for the indicated element is not allocated for the array,
101 flex_array_clear() will return -EINVAL instead. Note that clearing an
102 element does not release the storage associated with it; to reduce the
103 allocated size of an array, call::
105 int flex_array_shrink(struct flex_array *array);
107 The return value will be the number of pages of memory actually freed.
108 This function works by scanning the array for pages containing nothing but
109 FLEX_ARRAY_FREE bytes, so (1) it can be expensive, and (2) it will not work
110 if the array's pages are allocated with __GFP_ZERO.
112 It is possible to remove all elements of an array with a call to::
114 void flex_array_free_parts(struct flex_array *array);
116 This call frees all elements, but leaves the array itself in place.
117 Freeing the entire array is done with::
119 void flex_array_free(struct flex_array *array);
121 As of this writing, there are no users of flexible arrays in the mainline
122 kernel. The functions described here are also not exported to modules;
123 that will probably be fixed when somebody comes up with a need for it.