1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ======================================
4 _DSD Device Properties Related to GPIO
5 ======================================
7 With the release of ACPI 5.1, the _DSD configuration object finally
8 allows names to be given to GPIOs (and other things as well) returned
9 by _CRS. Previously, we were only able to use an integer index to find
10 the corresponding GPIO, which is pretty error prone (it depends on
11 the _CRS output ordering, for example).
13 With _DSD we can now query GPIOs using a name instead of an integer
14 index, like the ASL example below shows::
16 // Bluetooth device with reset and shutdown GPIOs
21 Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate ()
23 GpioIo (Exclusive, PullUp, 0, 0, IoRestrictionOutputOnly,
24 "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) {15}
25 GpioIo (Exclusive, PullUp, 0, 0, IoRestrictionOutputOnly,
26 "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) {27, 31}
29 Name (_DSD, Package ()
31 ToUUID("daffd814-6eba-4d8c-8a91-bc9bbf4aa301"),
34 Package () {"reset-gpios", Package() {^BTH, 1, 1, 0 }},
35 Package () {"shutdown-gpios", Package() {^BTH, 0, 0, 0 }},
40 The format of the supported GPIO property is::
42 Package () { "name", Package () { ref, index, pin, active_low }}
45 The device that has _CRS containing GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources,
46 typically this is the device itself (BTH in our case).
48 Index of the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource in _CRS starting from zero.
50 Pin in the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource. Typically this is zero.
52 If 1, the GPIO is marked as active_low.
54 Since ACPI GpioIo() resource does not have a field saying whether it is
55 active low or high, the "active_low" argument can be used here. Setting
56 it to 1 marks the GPIO as active low.
58 Note, active_low in _DSD does not make sense for GpioInt() resource and
59 must be 0. GpioInt() resource has its own means of defining it.
61 In our Bluetooth example the "reset-gpios" refers to the second GpioIo()
62 resource, second pin in that resource with the GPIO number of 31.
64 The GpioIo() resource unfortunately doesn't explicitly provide an initial
65 state of the output pin which driver should use during its initialization.
67 Linux tries to use common sense here and derives the state from the bias
68 and polarity settings. The table below shows the expectations:
70 ========= ============= ==============
71 Pull Bias Polarity Requested...
72 ========= ============= ==============
73 Implicit x AS IS (assumed firmware configured for us)
74 Explicit x (no _DSD) as Pull Bias (Up == High, Down == Low),
75 assuming non-active (Polarity = !Pull Bias)
76 Down Low as low, assuming active
77 Down High as low, assuming non-active
78 Up Low as high, assuming non-active
79 Up High as high, assuming active
80 ========= ============= ==============
82 That said, for our above example the both GPIOs, since the bias setting
83 is explicit and _DSD is present, will be treated as active with a high
84 polarity and Linux will configure the pins in this state until a driver
85 reprograms them differently.
87 It is possible to leave holes in the array of GPIOs. This is useful in
88 cases like with SPI host controllers where some chip selects may be
89 implemented as GPIOs and some as native signals. For example a SPI host
90 controller can have chip selects 0 and 2 implemented as GPIOs and 1 as
96 ^GPIO, 19, 0, 0, // chip select 0: GPIO
97 0, // chip select 1: native signal
98 ^GPIO, 20, 0, 0, // chip select 2: GPIO
102 Other supported properties
103 ==========================
105 Following Device Tree compatible device properties are also supported by
106 _DSD device properties for GPIO controllers:
116 Name (_DSD, Package () {
117 // _DSD Hierarchical Properties Extension UUID
118 ToUUID("dbb8e3e6-5886-4ba6-8795-1319f52a966b"),
120 Package () {"hog-gpio8", "G8PU"}
124 Name (G8PU, Package () {
125 ToUUID("daffd814-6eba-4d8c-8a91-bc9bbf4aa301"),
127 Package () {"gpio-hog", 1},
128 Package () {"gpios", Package () {8, 0}},
129 Package () {"output-high", 1},
130 Package () {"line-name", "gpio8-pullup"},
136 The ``gpio-line-names`` declaration is a list of strings ("names"), which
137 describes each line/pin of a GPIO controller/expander. This list, contained in
138 a package, must be inserted inside the GPIO controller declaration of an ACPI
139 table (typically inside the DSDT). The ``gpio-line-names`` list must respect the
140 following rules (see also the examples):
142 - the first name in the list corresponds with the first line/pin of the GPIO
144 - the names inside the list must be consecutive (no "holes" are permitted)
145 - the list can be incomplete and can end before the last GPIO line: in
146 other words, it is not mandatory to fill all the GPIO lines
147 - empty names are allowed (two quotation marks ``""`` correspond to an empty
150 Example of a GPIO controller of 16 lines, with an incomplete list with two
165 At runtime, the above declaration produces the following result (using the
168 root@debian:~# gpioinfo gpiochip4
169 gpiochip4 - 16 lines:
170 line 0: "pin_0" unused input active-high
171 line 1: "pin_1" unused input active-high
172 line 2: unnamed unused input active-high
173 line 3: unnamed unused input active-high
174 line 4: "pin_3" unused input active-high
175 line 5: "pin_4_push_button" unused input active-high
176 line 6: unnamed unused input active-high
177 line 7 unnamed unused input active-high
178 line 8: unnamed unused input active-high
179 line 9: unnamed unused input active-high
180 line 10: unnamed unused input active-high
181 line 11: unnamed unused input active-high
182 line 12: unnamed unused input active-high
183 line 13: unnamed unused input active-high
184 line 14: unnamed unused input active-high
185 line 15: unnamed unused input active-high
186 root@debian:~# gpiofind pin_4_push_button
195 "SPI0_CS_N", "EXP2_INT", "MUX6_IO", "UART0_RXD",
196 "MUX7_IO", "LVL_C_A1", "MUX0_IO", "SPI1_MISO",
200 See Documentation/devicetree/bindings/gpio/gpio.txt for more information
201 about these properties.
203 ACPI GPIO Mappings Provided by Drivers
204 ======================================
206 There are systems in which the ACPI tables do not contain _DSD but provide _CRS
207 with GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources and device drivers still need to work with
210 In those cases ACPI device identification objects, _HID, _CID, _CLS, _SUB, _HRV,
211 available to the driver can be used to identify the device and that is supposed
212 to be sufficient to determine the meaning and purpose of all of the GPIO lines
213 listed by the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources returned by _CRS. In other words,
214 the driver is supposed to know what to use the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources for
215 once it has identified the device. Having done that, it can simply assign names
216 to the GPIO lines it is going to use and provide the GPIO subsystem with a
217 mapping between those names and the ACPI GPIO resources corresponding to them.
219 To do that, the driver needs to define a mapping table as a NULL-terminated
220 array of struct acpi_gpio_mapping objects that each contains a name, a pointer
221 to an array of line data (struct acpi_gpio_params) objects and the size of that
222 array. Each struct acpi_gpio_params object consists of three fields,
223 crs_entry_index, line_index, active_low, representing the index of the target
224 GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource in _CRS starting from zero, the index of the target
225 line in that resource starting from zero, and the active-low flag for that line,
226 respectively, in analogy with the _DSD GPIO property format specified above.
228 For the example Bluetooth device discussed previously the data structures in
229 question would look like this::
231 static const struct acpi_gpio_params reset_gpio = { 1, 1, false };
232 static const struct acpi_gpio_params shutdown_gpio = { 0, 0, false };
234 static const struct acpi_gpio_mapping bluetooth_acpi_gpios[] = {
235 { "reset-gpios", &reset_gpio, 1 },
236 { "shutdown-gpios", &shutdown_gpio, 1 },
240 Next, the mapping table needs to be passed as the second argument to
241 acpi_dev_add_driver_gpios() or its managed analogue that will
242 register it with the ACPI device object pointed to by its first
243 argument. That should be done in the driver's .probe() routine.
244 On removal, the driver should unregister its GPIO mapping table by
245 calling acpi_dev_remove_driver_gpios() on the ACPI device object where that
246 table was previously registered.
248 Using the _CRS fallback
249 =======================
251 If a device does not have _DSD or the driver does not create ACPI GPIO
252 mapping, the Linux GPIO framework refuses to return any GPIOs. This is
253 because the driver does not know what it actually gets. For example if we
254 have a device like below::
260 Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
261 GpioIo (Exclusive, PullNone, 0, 0, IoRestrictionNone,
262 "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) {15}
263 GpioIo (Exclusive, PullNone, 0, 0, IoRestrictionNone,
264 "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) {27}
268 The driver might expect to get the right GPIO when it does::
270 desc = gpiod_get(dev, "reset", GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
272 but since there is no way to know the mapping between "reset" and
273 the GpioIo() in _CRS desc will hold ERR_PTR(-ENOENT).
275 The driver author can solve this by passing the mapping explicitly
276 (this is the recommended way and it's documented in the above chapter).
278 The ACPI GPIO mapping tables should not contaminate drivers that are not
279 knowing about which exact device they are servicing on. It implies that
280 the ACPI GPIO mapping tables are hardly linked to an ACPI ID and certain
281 objects, as listed in the above chapter, of the device in question.
283 Getting GPIO descriptor
284 =======================
286 There are two main approaches to get GPIO resource from ACPI::
288 desc = gpiod_get(dev, connection_id, flags);
289 desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, connection_id, index, flags);
291 We may consider two different cases here, i.e. when connection ID is
292 provided and otherwise.
296 desc = gpiod_get(dev, "non-null-connection-id", flags);
297 desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, "non-null-connection-id", index, flags);
301 desc = gpiod_get(dev, NULL, flags);
302 desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, NULL, index, flags);
304 Case 1 assumes that corresponding ACPI device description must have
305 defined device properties and will prevent to getting any GPIO resources
308 Case 2 explicitly tells GPIO core to look for resources in _CRS.
310 Be aware that gpiod_get_index() in cases 1 and 2, assuming that there
311 are two versions of ACPI device description provided and no mapping is
312 present in the driver, will return different resources. That's why a
313 certain driver has to handle them carefully as explained in the previous